States of Matter & Properties
This state of matter has a fixed shape and volume because particles are held in fixed positions.
What is a solid?
According to KPT, this is what happens to particle speed when temperature increases.
What is increases / speeds up?
This is the term for the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
What is diffusion?
This is the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
What is an element?
This apparatus is used to measure the volume of a liquid accurately, with a narrow tube and markings.
What is a burette? (or measuring cylinder)
In this state, particles are close together but can slide past each other, allowing the substance to flow.
What is a liquid?
On a cooling curve, this is why temperature stays constant during a change of state.
What is energy being used to overcome forces between particles (not increasing temperature)?
In the NH₃/HCl diffusion experiment, the white ring forms closer to this end (HCl or NH₃).
What is the HCl end?
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined is called this.
What is a mixture?
This piece of apparatus measures mass and is used for weighing solids and liquids.
What is a balance?
This property explains why gases can be compressed but liquids cannot.
What is the separation / space between particles?
These are the three things that describe particle arrangement in solids, liquids and gases.
What are separation, arrangement and motion?
This gas (Mᵣ = 2) diffuses faster than oxygen (Mᵣ = 32) at the same temperature.
What is hydrogen?
Iron(II) sulfide is an example of this type of substance because its properties differ from iron and sulfur.
What is a compound?
This apparatus is used to measure the volume of gas produced in a reaction.
What is a gas syringe?
When water boils, the bubbles are actually this substance (not hydrogen and oxygen).
What is water vapour (gaseous water)?
This explains why the boiling plateau is often longer than the melting plateau for many substances.
What is more energy required to overcome stronger forces in boiling than in melting?
A sealed crisp packet expands at the top of a mountain because of this, in terms of particle collisions.
What is lower atmospheric pressure means fewer particle collisions outside, so the gas inside expands?
The liquid that passes through the filter paper during filtration is called this.
What is the filtrate?
This apparatus is used to deliver a very precise volume of liquid (e.g., 25.00 cm³) and has a single graduation mark.
What is a volumetric pipette?
This is the reason why puddles disappear without boiling (evaporation vs boiling).
What is evaporation occurs from the surface at any temperature, while boiling occurs throughout the liquid at a fixed boiling point?
On a heating curve, this is the region where particles gain enough energy to overcome all intermolecular forces and become a gas.
What is the horizontal plateau at the boiling point?
If HBr (Mᵣ = 81) and NH₃ (Mᵣ = 17) diffuse from opposite ends, the white ring would form nearer this end.
What is the NH₃ end? (Lighter NH₃ diffuses faster, so it travels further before reacting)
The process of separating a mixture based on boiling points, such as in oil refining, is called this.
What is fractional distillation?
A student measures 50.0 cm³ of water using a measuring cylinder with 1 cm³ divisions. This is the correct uncertainty and how many decimal places they should record to.
What is ±0.5 cm³ uncertainty, recorded to 50.0 cm³ (one decimal place)?