General Chemistry
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
100

What are the four essential elements?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen

100

What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

100

Are lipids better for long or short term energy storage?

Long term energy storage
100

What are the bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide called?

Peptide bonds

100

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

200

What is the pH of an acid? pH of a base? 

BONUS: What does pH mean mathematically?

pH acid < 7

pH base > 7

pH = log[H+]

200

What is the structural carbohydrate for animals called? What is the storage carbohydrate for animals called? 

BONUS: Plants?? 

Animals: Chitin, Glycogen

Plants: Cellulose, Starch

200

What is the name of the lipid that makes up the cell membrane?

Phospholipids
200

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quartenary

200

Who are the scientists credited with discovering the double helical structure of DNA?

Watson & Crick (ROSALIND FRANKLIN) 

300

What is a trace element? Give an example. 

A trace element is an element that is essential for life in trace amounts (ex. Iron, Iodine)

300

What type of reaction results in a glycosidic linkage? How do you break a glycosidic linkage?

Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)

Hydrolysis

300

Describe the structure of a triglyceride. 

a glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails. 

300

What are biological catalysts called?

Enzymes

300

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a pentose sugar molecule

400
If I have 45.8 g of water, how many MOLECULES of water do I have?

45.8 g x 1 mol H2O/18 g H2O x 6.022x10^23 molecules H2O/1 mole H2O = 1.53 x 10^24 molecules of water

400

Is C5H10O4 a carbohydrate? Why or why not?

NO , because C:H:O ration should be 1:2:1 

400

Describe the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat

A saturated fat has no double bonds in the fatty acid chain. (saturated with HYDROGENS)

An unsaturated fat has double bonds in the chain. 

400

Describe the two types of secondary structures that can result during protein formation. What are the bonds that result in secondary structure?

alpha - helix

beta - pleated sheet

H-bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups

400

List 3 differences between DNA and RNA

DNA - double helix, Thymine base, double stranded, anti-parallel, storage of genetic information

RNA - single stranded, uracil base, transmission of genetic information

500

List at least 3 emergent properties of water and why they are important. 

1. Universal Solvent

2. High Heat Capacity 

3. Cohesion/Adhesion

4. Surface Tension

5. Capillary Action

6. Density of water as a solid is less than density of water as a liquid. 

500

Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

500

What is the general structure of a steroid? Name the steroid that all other steroids develop from. 

4 fused carbon rings, Cholesterol

500

All of the amino acids aside from __________ are _________ because there are four different functional groups attached to the central carbon. 

glycine, chiral

500

Which of the nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? Which are purines? How do they pair?

Pyrimidines - C, T, U 

Purines - A, G

A -- T, U

G -- C