Atomic & Periodic Chemistry
What is the charge of a proton?
+1
What type of bonding occurs in NaCl?
Ionic Bonding
What is the pH of a neutral solution at 25°C?
7
What is the general formula of alkanes?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
What type of cell powers most portable batteries?
Electrochemical (galvanic) cell
Which scientist arranged elements in order of increasing atomic number?
Henry Moseley
What is the molecular shape of methane (CH₄)?
Tetrahedral
State Le Chatelier’s Principle.
A system in equilibrium shifts to oppose any imposed change.
Name the product of adding hydrogen to ethene.
What is the main metal used in car catalytic converters?
Platinum or palladium
Why do isotopes of the same element have identical chemical behavior?
They have the same electron configuration
Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity?
It has delocalized electrons between layers
Write the equilibrium constant expression for: N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃.
Kc = [NH₃]² / ([N₂][H₂]³)
What reagent oxidizes a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
Acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)
State one principle of green chemistry.
Minimize waste / Use renewable feedstocks / Reduce toxicity (any valid example).
What trend is observed in atomic radius across a period from left to right?
It decreases due to increasing nuclear charge
What type of intermolecular force exists between hydrogen fluoride molecules?
Hydrogen Bonding
Why does the rate of a reaction increase with temperature?
Particles gain kinetic energy and collide more frequently with sufficient energy.
What mechanism occurs in the hydrolysis of a haloalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle describe?
The impossibility of knowing both position and momentum of an electron simultaneously.
Define first ionization energy.
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to form gaseous ions.
Explain why the melting point of MgO is higher than NaCl.
Mg²⁺ and O²⁻ have higher charge density, creating stronger electrostatic attraction.
Define lattice enthalpy.
The enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic solid is formed from its gaseous ions.
Why does benzene undergo substitution rather than addition?
Addition would destroy the delocalized π electron system, reducing stability.
Name the process used for industrial ammonia synthesis.
Haber-Bosch Process