Gatorade
1.86Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 + 9
Osmolality
Glass membrane electrode
Na
Low aldosterone, decreased cortisol, increased ACTH, decreased blood glucose, decreased chlorine, increased potassium
Addison's disease
Increased uric acid
Increased anion gap
Primarily controls Na
Aldosterone
Temperature directly proportional to number of particles present.
Freezing point depression osmometry
Coulometry
Cl
Low potassium in the blood, muscle cramps and heart palpitations, fatigue, anxiety, depression, headache, primary hyperaldosteronism
Conn syndrome
Hypercalcemia
Decreased anion gap
Reabsorption of water
ADH/Vasopressin
Inverse relationship between solution and pressure
Vapor pressure osmometry
CPC complex
Ca
Excess sweating, excessive hairiness, excessive hunger, fatigue, flushing, high blood pressure excessive production of ACTH, fatty hump between the shoulders and a rounded face
Cushing's syndrome
Liver disease
Decreased anion gap due to decreased albumin
Increases urine concentration, decreases serum osmolality, increase blood pressure
ADH/vasopressin
Directly diffuses across membranes and has no effect on water distribution
Urea
Henderson Hasselback equation
HCO3
Very salty-tasting skin, persistent coughing, at times with phlegm, frequent lung infections including pneumonia or bronchitis, wheezing or shortness of breath, increased chlorine secretion
Cystic fibrosis
Drinking a bottle of mouthwash
Increased anion gap - methanol (SLUMPED)
Renin-angiotension system to increase blood pressure
Aldosterone
275 - 295
301 - 1090
Serum osmolality and urine osmolality levels
Calmagite, methylthymol blue and spectrophotometry
Mg
Extreme thirst that can't be quenched (polydipsia), excessive amounts of urine (polyuria), colourless urine, waking frequently through the night to urinate, Dry skin.
Diabetes insipidus
Anion gap calculation
cations - anions
Normal response to decrease blood volume
Increase aldosterone, increase in ADH