Chemistry revision: nutrients, oxidation numbers, balancing equations, and ionic compounds

Nutrients

100

What are energy nutrients?

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

200

What are protective nutrients?

Vitamins, minerals, micronutrients (and fats).

300

What is difference between anabolic and catabolic metabolism?

In anabolic metabolism body builds larger molecules from smaller ones which requires energy. In catabolic metabolism body releases energy while breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones.

400

Which vitamins are fat-soluble and which are water-soluble?

Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K

Water-soluble: B, C

500

What is the difference of need of different vitamins based on solubility?

Human body needs to get water-soluble vitamins continuously because our bodies can not store these vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored and that's why we don't need to get those every day. 

Carbohydrates

100

Why do we need carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are important (and main) source of energy. 

200

Carbohydrates contain these elements:

Carbon C, hydrogen H, oxygen O

300

What are monosaccharides?

Simplest form of carbohydrates, made of one ring-shaped sugar unit (glucose, fructose or galactose)

400

What are disaccharides? Name one.

Made of two monosaccharides, like sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose)

500

What is starch?

It is polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate), which might contain thousands of glucose molecules attached together to the chain. It is energy storage in plants. Potatoes contain a lot of starch. 

Proteins

100

What we need proteins for?

Needed for growth and development (to build our tissues, skin, muscles and organs); make enzymes and hormones; helps the immune system.

200

Describe the structure of proteins.

Proteins are made of amino acids which combine together with peptide bonds. Long amino acid chains will fold to form complex 3D structure.

300

Describe and draw the structure of amino acid.

Contains amino group -NH₂ and carboxylic group -COOH. 

400

What and why happens to protein when it denature?

Heat, chemicals (acids and alcohols) change the chemical structure of proteins that they become solid (those precipitate).

500

What are essential amino acids?

Human body consists of 20 different amino acids, but 9 of those are essential and come from food because our body can't make those. 

Oxidation numbers

100

What is oxidation number of following atom? Na

0 --> Uncombine element is always 0

200

What are the oxidation numbers of the following atoms in this compound? NaCl

Na = +1

Cl = -1

300

What is the oxidation number of the central atom in this polyatomic ion? CO₃^2-

The central atom C = +4

400

What are the oxidation numbers of atoms in this compound? KNO₃

K = +1

N = +5

O = -2

500

What is the molecular formula of magnesium sulphate? What are the oxidation numbers of different atoms in that compound?

MgSO₄

Mg = +2, S = +6, O = -2

Ionic compounds

100

Write the formula of calcium carbonate.

CaCO₃

200

Write the formula of potassium phosphate.

K₃PO₄

300

Write the formula of ammonium chloride.

NH₄Cl

400

Write formula of ammonium hydroxide.

NH₄OH

500

Write formula of aluminium sulphate.

Al₂(SO₄)₃