Electron Configuration / Orbital Notation
Which rule dictates that electrons typically occupy the lowest energy level and the lowest sublevel available first?
Aufbau Principle
Which type of radioactive decay features the conversion of a proton to a neutron in its process?
(hint, it's relatively rare!)
B+ decay/positive beta decay/positron emission
Copper exists as a mixture of two isotopes. Copper-63 is 69.17% abundant and it has a mass of 62.9296 amu. Copper-65 is 30.83% abundant and it has a mass of 64.9278 amu. Calculate the atomic mass of copper.
am = (62.9296 x 0.6917) + (64.9278 x 0.3083) = 43.5284 + 20.0172 = 63.5556 amu
Who confirmed the presence of neutrons?
Orbital, energy level, sublevel, electrons
electrons, orbital, sublevel, energy level
What is the highest energy level in Rubidium? How many valence electrons are there?
Energy level 5 (5s1)
1 valence electron
What are isotopes of atoms with unstable nuclei (where they have too little or too many neutrons) called?
Radioisotopes
Which particle makes an atom an isotope? Which particle makes an atom an ion? Which particle stays constant in any given element.
1) Neutron
2) Electron
3) Proton
Which scientist, previously studying radiation with Hans Geiger, concluded that atoms had a small, dense, positively charged center? What experiment did he use to prove it? What particle/structure did he discover?
1) Rutherford
2) Gold Foil Experiment
3) Protons/Nucleus
What instrument separates light into its constituent wavelengths to be observed, allowing one to see its 'spectrum'?
Spectroscope
Which element has electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f9 5s2 5p6 6s2? Provide the abbreviated/noble gas configuration of it as well.
1) Terbium/Tb
2) [Xe] 4f9 6s2
Transmutation
What's the mass number, neutron number, proton number, and electron count of Selenium-82?
1) 82
2) 48
3) 34
4) 34
What model did Schrodinger propose?
The Probability Distribution Model, which describes electrons not as particles in fixed orbits, but as a probability cloud in specific regions of space called orbitals.
Light with a wavelength of 614.5 nm looks orange. What is the energy, in joules, per photon of this orange light? What is the energy in eV (1 eV = 1.602 × 10−19 J)?
a ) 3.233 x 10-19 J
b) 2.018 eV
Identify the electron configuration and amount of valence electrons in tin.
1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2
2) Four valence electrons
Write an equation for the production of 233Th from 232Th by neutron bombardment.
Calculate the average atomic mass of lead. The four lead isotopes have atomic masses and relative abundances of 203.973 amu (1.4%), 205.974 amu (unknown), 206.976 amu (22.1%) and 207.977 amu (52.4%).
The 'unknown' relative abundance was 24.1% (if I did it right).
atomic mass = (203.973 x 0.014) + (205.974 x 0.241) + (206.976 x 0.221) + (207.977 x 0.524) = 207.217 amu
Which scientist first proved that the atom is in fact divisible in 1897? How did he prove this/what experiment did he use to prove it? What 'model' did he propose?
1) J J Thomson
2) Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
3) Plum Pudding Model
Pd-100 has a half-life of 3.6 days. If one had 6.02 x 1023 atoms at the start, how many atoms would be present after 20.0 days?
20.0 / 3.6 = 5.56 half-lives
(1/2)5.56 = 0.0213 (the decimal fraction remaining after 5.56 half-lives)
(6.02 x 1023) (0.0213) = 1.28 x 1022 atoms remain
What is the common electron configuration (you can use noble gas configuration) of molybdenum (Mo)?
[Kr] 5s1 4d5
Write a nuclear reaction for each step in the formation of Polonium-218 from a mystery particle, which proceeds by a series of decay reactions involving the step-wise emission of α, β, β, α, α, α, α particles, in that order. Identify the original element/isotope
this is torture to try and type out so I guess I'll write out the problem
the original element is Uranium-238, btw
How many electrons are in one molecule of Nihonium?
113 electrons
What laws are in Dalton's atomic model?
Which parts of it have been debunked? And what debunked them?
Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms. (true)
Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. (false - proven by isotopes)
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. (false - subatomic particles)
Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds. (true)
In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged. (generally true)
The eyes of certain reptiles pass a single visual signal to the brain when the visual receptors are struck by photons of a wavelength of 850 nm. If a total energy of 3.15 × 10−14 J is required to trip the signal, what is the minimum number of photons that must strike the receptor?
(I don't remember if we learned this formula, so one of the formulas required is Ephoton = hc/wavelength, where h is Planck's constant, and c is the speed of light)
The answer is 1.3 x 105 photons.
1) convert to meters
2) use the Planck-Einstein equation to figure out energy in each photon
3) divide total energy by the energy of a photon to determine energy of photons