Anatomic Landmarks
The primary muscles of respiration
What are the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?
Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation
What is the sequence of the physical exam?
A crackly or crinkly sensation, can be both palpated and heard and could Indicate air in the subcutaneous tissue
What is crepitus?
A condition characterized by wheezing due to airway constriction or inflammation
What is Asthma?
Condition in pediatric patients characterized by "noisy" breathing and "floppy" airway
What is tracheomalacia?
The membranes that surround the lungs
What is the visceral and parietal pleura?
Ratio of 1:2
What is a normal AP to transverse diameter?
Palpable, coarse, grating vibration, usually on inspiration
What is friction rub?
Excessive nonpurulent fluid in the pleural space; likely producing diminished breath sounds
What is a pleural effusion?
Population with round chest and 1:1 AP diameter on inspection
What is a newborn?
Space between the lungs that contains the heart and major blood vessels
What is the mediastinum?
Palpable vibration of the chest wall that results from speech or other verbalizations with the palmar or ulnar surface portion of the hand.
What is tactile fremitus?
Caused by the passage of air through an airway obstructed by thick secretions, muscular spasms, tumor, or external pressure
What are rhonchi?
Well-defined, circumscribed, inflammatory, purulent mass that can develop central necrosis; the patient may have foul breath
What is lung abscess?
An infant's effort to breathe along with other signs such as poor feeding, grunting, nasal flaring, etc.
What is work of breathing?
More vertically situated making it at risk for aspiration and more likely to be accessed during intubation
What is the right bronchus?
Movement of the hands with the thumbs at the level of the 10th rib suggests a problem on one or both sides.
What is thoracic expansion?
High-pitched, musical sound heard during inspiration or expiration and typically caused by airflow through a narrowed or obstructed airway
What is a wheeze?
Snap, crackle, pop! Rice crispies under the skin.
What are subcutaneous air and crepitus?
Decreased chest expansion, muscle weakness, physical disability, sedentary lifestyle, rib articulation calcification
What are normal physical exam variations with aging?
Used during exercise or other times of increased respiratory effort
What are accessory muscles?
Abnormal breath sounds that are present or superimposed over normal breath sounds
What are adventitious breath sounds?
When the voice is transmitted through the lung fields and heard with a stethoscope
What is vocal resonance?
**bonus if you can name the auditory changes in vocal resonance
Characterized by large, hyperinflated lungs that will sound hyper-resonant on percussion
What is emphysema?
Mechanical and biochemical changes; deeper breathing; anatomical changes in the ribs and costal angle occur in this special population
What is the pregnant patient?