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Collective Efficacy
Social Disorganization
Research in Delinquency Areas of Chicago
Crime and Poverty
Neighborhood and Crime
100
A concept that includes the willingness of community residents both to exercise informal control and to trust help one another. (Cullen,P102)
What is collective efficacy
100
This theory states that delinquency emerges in neighborhoods where the neighborhood relationships and social institutions have broken down and can no longer maintain effective ___________. Over time, delinquent behaviors come to be supported by shared values because of a lack of this.(Vold,p141)
What is social control?
100
Shaw believed that juvenile delinquency was generated by this, a term coined by much of Shaw and McKay's works, therefore, he didn't believe that the treatment of individual delinquents would have much effect on the overall delinquency problem (Vold, p139).
What is Social Disorganization?
100
This is the effect where unemployment increases the motivation to commit crime (Vold, p102).
What is motivation effect?
100
The study of neighborhoods in explaining crime often looked to this area of study which focuses on the web of interrelationships and interdependencies in natural habitats.
What is Ecology?
200
The founder of collective efficacy.(Vold, p144)
Who is Robert Sampson?
200
The Social Disorganization Theory is an example of this level theory (Cullen, p100) which does not look at the individual context, but rather the neighborhood context.
What is a Macro-level theory?
200
Shaw was convinced that the problem of juvenile delinquency had its origin in the juvenile's ____________________ instead of from biological or psychological abnormalities (Vold, p136).
What is detachment from conventional groups?
200
According to Quetelet, people with more education tended to commit this frequency (less or more) of crime on the whole (Vold, p96).
What is less crime?
200
The neighborhood that has this frequency (high or low) of poverty, racial and ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility should also have high rates of crime and delinquency.
What is high?
300
In collective efficacy, there must be _________ and _________ in the neighborhood in order for neighborhood social control to occur.
What is cohesion and mutual trust?
300
The lack of contact or sustained interaction with individuals and institutions that represent mainstream society (Cullen,P102).
What is social isolation?
300
According to Shaw and McKay, the highest rates of delinquency were found in the areas of the lowest of what status? (Vold, p136)
What is economic status?
300
The gaps between the richest and the poorest have a casual impact on violence in the society. That is poor people tend to commit more violent crime when rich people are around them. Name the term that describes this.
What is economic inequality?
300
This is where the formal social organizations that existed in the neighborhood disintegrate and the original population retreats. (Vold, p143)
What is residential mobility?
400
These are the networks of relationships that may or may not exist in each community (Vold, p142).
What is Social Capital?
400
Shaw and McKay's concept where neighborhoods often retain their high crime and delinquency rates despite turnovers of people in the population (Vold, p141).
What is residential succession?
400
Shaw's Project in the 1930s that involved such activities such as creating recreational programs, sprucing up the physical appearance of the neighborhood, and using community residents to counsel the neighborhood's youngsters (Cullen, p107).
What is The Chicago Area Project?
400
The lack of ______ stability—that is, job loss and shifts, is associated with heigh levels of property crime.
What is employment?
400
According to Sampson and his colleagues, this theory is often overlooked in discussing neighborhood effect on crime (Vold, p146).
What is the Routine Activities Theory?
500
In the collective efficacy theory, this term describes the situation where neighborhoods contain a high amount of residential instability, large populations of immigrants, and a high poverty rate (Cullen, p102).
What is Concentrated Disadvantage?
500
In disorganized communities, a system emerges in which crime, disorder, and drug use are less than condemned and hence expected as part of everyday life.(Cullen,118)
What is cognitive landscapes or structured norms?
500
Shaw stated that delinquency is affected by this three step process, which determines the concentric growth patterns of the city (Vold, p138).
What is the process of invasion, dominance, and succession?
500
Term that describes when a number of possible casual factors are all highly intercorrelated with each other. (Vold, P104)
What is multicollinearity?
500
The Project of Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods proposed many new policies that focused on "changing _____, not people." These included targeting hot spots, cleaning up trash, and reducing residential mobility.
What is places?