Bronfenbrenner
This system includes a child’s home, school, family, and neighborhood — the immediate settings that directly influence development.
What is the microsystem?
In Bowlby’s stages of separation distress, this first stage involves crying, screaming, and angrily trying to stop the caregiver from leaving.
What is Protest?
In Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, children with this attachment style become distressed when separated and are happy upon reunion.
What is Secure Attachment?
In Vygotsky’s theory, this level includes tasks a learner can complete independently without help and represents mastered skills.
What is the Actual Development Level?
This term means the belief that you are the center of the universe, and everything revolves around you.
What is egocentrism?
A person's or animal's nature, especially as it permanently affects their behavior
What is temperament?
The relationship between a child’s school and home is an example of this system, which focuses on connections between immediate environments.
What is the mesosystem?
In this stage, a child’s crying decreases, but they become withdrawn, hopeless, and refuse comfort from others.
What is Despair?
Children with this attachment style show intense distress when separated and remain resistant during reunion, often crying more than exploring.
What is Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment?
This “learning zone” describes tasks a child cannot do alone but can accomplish with guidance from a more knowledgeable person.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
In Piaget's theory, this process involves taking material from the environment into our minds.
What is assimilation?
According to temperament theory, this is how easily or quickly a child adjusts to changes in their environment after their initial response has occurred.
What is adaptability?
A parent’s workplace affecting a child’s home life is an example of this system, which indirectly influences development even though the child is not directly involved.
What is the exosystem?
During this stage, a child may appear happy and engage with others, but suppresses emotions and often ignores the caregiver upon return.
What is Detachment?
According to Ainsworth, children with this attachment style show no distress when separated and appear disinterested during reunion with their caregiver.
What is Avoidant Attachment?
Modeling a strategy, giving hints like “What’s the next step?”, or breaking a task into smaller parts are all examples of this type of instructional support.
What is scaffolding?
This term describes the ability to group objects together, an important cognitive skill in child development.
What is classification?
According to McLeod and McLowry, these are the three phases of temperament.
What is easy, difficult and slow to warm?
Cultural values, laws, economic conditions, and belief systems that shape how children develop are part of this broadest ecological level.
What is the macrosystem?
If a child becomes so withdrawn during prolonged separation that they seek no mothering at all, this signals this serious psychological consequence.
What is major psychological trauma?
This attachment type is characterized by children who are “not interested in interreacting when reunited,” according to Robertson’s description.
What is Avoidant Attachment?
Tasks that are too complex for a learner to complete even with help fall into this zone, often leading to frustration and discouragement.
What is the Beyond the ZPD (or frustration zone)?
This type of egocentrism involves the inability of adolescents to distinguish between their perception of what others think about them and what people actually think.
What is adolescent egocentrism?
According to temperament theory, this is the ease or difficulty with which a child responds emotionally to various situations.
What is emotionality (emotional sensitivity)?
When inconsistencies between a family’s cultural beliefs about medical care and the broader healthcare system influence how a chronically ill child experiences treatment, this ecological level is at work shaping all other systems.
What is the macrosystem?
Bowlby’s research on children’s separation distress directly influenced reforms in this institutional setting, leading to practices that encouraged parental presence.
What are hospital policies (or hospital reform allowing parental presence)?
In Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, children described as using their caregiver as a “safe space” who explore confidently when the caregiver is present typically have this attachment style.
What is Secure Attachment?
In Vygotsky’s theory, this zone represents tasks that are currently too difficult for a learner to complete even with scaffolding, but may move into the optimal learning zone as cognitive development progresses.
What is Beyond the Zone of Proximal Development (or the frustration zone)?
This advanced cognitive concept involves understanding that some things stay the same no matter what, an idea tested in conservation tasks.
What is conservation?
According to temperament theory, these make up a person's temperament.
What is adaptability, irritability, activity level, emotionality and fearfulness.