Easy
A 2-year old presents to primary care clinic with sleep issues. His mother reports that the child has been sleeping with her and her husband in their bed since he was a baby, and she wants him to sleep in his crib. She has tried to put the child to sleep in his own bed, but he "cries and cries" until she carries him back into bed with her. The mother says she has tried "letting him cry it out" but then allows the child to sleep in her bed. After an hour of crying, which of the following statements about sleep-onset association disorder is true?
A. Bedtime resistance is uncommon in toddlers.
B. Sleep-onset association disorder often leads to decreased sleep for both parent and child.
C. Watching TV before bed will improve sleep latency.
D. Eliminating napping is necessary to treat this child's symptoms.
What is B. Sleep-onset association disorder often leads to decreased sleep for both parent and child.
An 11-year old listens to a story about how Egyptians used logs to move large stones to construct pyramids. When speaking about the construction of Stonehenge, the young girl is able to theorize how many people may have used similar tools to move large rocks used to construct it. According to Piaget, which phase is this 11-year old in?
A. Sensorimotor.
B. Preoperational.
C. Concrete operational.
D. Formal operational.
What is D. Formal operational
Which of the following terms is incorrectly matched with its definition?
A. Aversive conditioning: using punishment to decrease target behavior
B. Classical conditioning: associating a neurological stimulus with anew stimulus to produce the same neurological response with the new stimulus alone
C. Continuous reinforcement: reinforcement that is given continuously, regardless of the target response being elicited
D. Extinction: decrease in conditioned response due to lack of reinforcement
E. Habituation: a type of learning where the response decreases over time to the same stimulus as it is repeated
What is C. Continuous reinforcement: reinforcement that is given continuously, regardless of the target response being elicited
By what age are most children able to hop on one foot?
A. 1 year.
B. 2 years.
C. 3 years.
D. 4 years.
E. 5 years.
What is D. 4 years
Which statement is correct regarding the concept of conservation of liquids?
A. Children in the preoperational stage of development understand this concept.
B. Children in the preoperational stage of development can consider two perceptual dimensions.
C. Children typically understand this concept in the concrete operational stage.
D. Children in the operational stage of development cannot consider two perceptual dimensions.
What is C. Children typically understand this concept in the concrete operational stage.
According to Mahler, an infant a few months old is aware of his/her mother but believes that he/she is part of the mother, with no real distinction between them. What is the developmental phase termed?
A. Rapprochement.
B. Normal Symbiotic.
C. Beginning.
D. Diffusion.
E. Sameness.
What is B. Normal Symbiotic
A 4-year old has abandoned her favorite stuffed animal and is also able to play independently for extended periods of time without a parent present. Which of the following developmental milestones has solidified to allow this new independence?
A. Object permanence.
B. Object constancy.
C. Formal operational thinking.
D. Concrete operational thinking.
What is B. Object constancy
According to Chess and Thomas, infants who are slow to adjust to new experiences, have trouble establishing routines, and react in a negative manner to new events would be classified as which of the following?
A. Slow-to-warm-up
B. Intense
C. Inhibited
D. Difficult
E. Disorganized
What is D. Difficult
Which of the following statements is true regarding adolescent moral development?
A. By early adolescence, most teenagers have a fully formed conscience and sense of right and wrong.
B. All adults and adolescents attain a high level of sound reasoning in moral development.
C. Adolescents make moral decisions based on rules only.
D. Adolescent moral decision-making is impacted by limited impulse control, self-absorption, and vulnerability to peer pressure.
E. Teenagers rarely test their parents' values.
What is D. Adolescent moral decision-making is impacted by limited impulse control, self-absorption, and vulnerability to peer pressure.
Which of the following theorists developed separation-individuation theory?
A. Mahler.
B. Freud.
C. Winnicott.
D. Vygotsky.
E. Klein.
What is A. Mahler
An examiner takes a stack of 10 cards and shows them to a child, telling him how many are in the deck. He then spreads them out over the floor. The examiner asks the child how many cards are on the floor. The child is quickly able to state that there are still 10 cards, even though they are now arranged differently. What cognitive stage is the child most likely at?
A. Preoperational.
B. Formal Operational.
C. Concrete Operational.
D. Sensorimotor.
What is C. Concrete Operational
Which of the following concepts was developed by Bowlby?
A. Transitional object.
B. Attachment theory.
C. Assimilation and accommodation.
D. Developmental lines.
E. Reparation.
F. Goodness of fit.
What is B. Attachment theory
A child can drink form a cup but is not quite able to use a spoon or fork yet. She cannot yet stack 2 blocks on top of each other but can put a block into a cup. She is able to say 3 words. A few months ago, she started to pull herself up to stand. How old is she?
A. 9 months
B. 12 months
C. 18 months
D. 24 months
What is B. 12 months
Who coined the terms "assimilation" and "accommodation" to refer to cognitive processes related to learning?
A. Klein.
B. Piaget.
C. Freud.
D. Bowlby.
E. Chess and Thomas.
What is B. Piaget
A 14-year old male continuously argues with his parents about how they "just don't understand him." He also refuses to attend the family's church, stating "I'm an atheist." Which basic conflict best describes the adolescent?
A. Industry vs. inferiority.
B. Identity vs. role confusion.
C. Intimacy vs. isolation.
D. Generativity vs. stagnation.
E. Ego integrity vs. despair.
What is B. Identity vs. role confusion
A 9-month old is typically able to do which of the following?
A. Take 3 unassisted steps.
B. Scribble with a crayon.
C. Remove clothing.
D. Pulls to stand.
E. Stack 2 cubes.
What is D. pulls to stand
A 2-month old baby is on the changing table when his older sister suddenly starts playing with her toy drums to show her mother what she learned. The baby reacts by flexing his hips and knees and moving his arms outward then bringing them together. Which neonatal reflex is the baby exhibiting?
A. Protective reflex
B. Hand-to-mouth reflex
C. Stepping reflex
D. Diving reflex
E. Moro reflex
What is E. Moro reflex
Which of the following statements is correct regarding child development?
A. Gross motor development progresses from midline to lateral; fine motor development progresses in a cephalocaudal sequence.
B. Gross motor development progresses in a cephalocaudal sequence; fine motor development progresses from midline to lateral.
C. Sequence of typical development is not the same in all children.
D. Primitive reflex patterns cannot be lost for later (sequential) voluntary motor development to proceed.
What is B. Gross motor development progresses in a cephalocaudal sequence; fine motor development progresses from midline to lateral.
A 7-year old girl enjoys forming clubs with other girls, making shared rules, and collecting dolls. Based on Erikson's conception of ego development, she is in which stage of development?
A. Intimacy vs. isolation.
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C. Trust vs. mistrust.
D. Industry vs. inferiority.
E. Identity vs. identity confusion.
What is D. Industry vs. inferiority
Which of the following is a temperamental dimension according to Chess and Thomas?
A. Inhibition.
B. Extroversion.
C. Stability.
D. Curiosity.
E. Adaptability.
What is E. Adaptability
A child is displaying mastery of Piaget's concept of conservation. According to Piaget's theory, at what stage is this child?
A. Assimilation and accommodation.
B. Sensorimotor stage.
C. Preoperational stage.
D. Concrete operational stage.
E. Formal operational stage.
What is D. Concrete operational stage
A 16-year old male presents with new-onset paranoid schizophrenia. Which of the following correctly states the most characteristic primitive defense mechanism in psychosis?
A. Inrtojection
B. Undoing
C. Projection
D. Projective identification
What is C. Projection
A 15-year old female presents with symptoms suggestive of borderline personality disorder. What is the most characteristic defense mechanism in this disorder?
A. Introjection.
B. Undoing.
C. Projection.
D. Projective identification.
What is D. Projective identification
According to the DSM-5-TR, symptoms must appear by which age for autism spectrum disorder to be diagnosed?
A. 2 years.
B. 3 years.
C. 5 years.
D. 12 years.
E. Early developmental period.
What is E. Early developmental period
The Supreme Court case Roper v. Simmons established which of the following?
A. Adolescents under 18 cannot be executed unless capital murder is considered.
B. Adolescents 16 and over can stand trial as an adult.
C. Adolescents cannot be executed if a crime was committed while under 18 years of age.
D. Adolescents under 18 require due process.
E. Adolescents under 16 cannot be tried as adults.
What is C. Adolescents cannot be executed if a crime was committed while under 18 years of age.