Bodies and Health
(Chapter 4)
(Chapter 4)
A bottle brushes a newborn’s cheek, and the baby turns toward it with an open mouth.
What is the rooting reflex?
Piaget’s first stage, birth to about age 2, when babies learn through their senses and actions.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
A lullaby plays before every feeding. Soon the lullaby alone makes the baby start sucking. The lullaby is now this.
What is the conditioned stimulus?
About 40 percent of children adapt quickly, stay calm, and are easy to soothe. Name this temperament type.
What is easy?
Erikson’s first stage, built when caregivers consistently meet a baby’s needs in a timely manner.
What is trust versus mistrust?
Crawling, sitting up, and climbing stairs all use these large-muscle skills.
What are gross motor skills?
An 8-month-old watches a ball roll under the couch and crawls over to look for it, knowing it still exists.
What is object permanence?
A child who loves stickers gets one for brushing their teeth and starts brushing more often.
What is positive reinforcement?
A baby looks at the caregiver’s face before deciding whether or not it is OK to touch the new puppy.
What is social referencing?
A 10-month-old cries when the caregiver walks out the door, a sign of good attachment.
What is separation anxiety?
Around 9 months, an infant starts picking up single peas with the thumb and forefinger.
What is the pincer grip?
A 5-month-old shakes a rattle again and again just to hear the sound it makes.
What are secondary circular reactions?
A toddler says “daddy go” and “more milk,” leaving out the small words. The toddler is using this type of speech.
What is telegraphic speech?
Pride, guilt, and embarrassment belong to this group of emotions that need a sense of self.
What are self-conscious (secondary) emotions?
At reunion in the Strange Situation, a child ignores the caregiver upon return and keeps playing. Showing this attachment style
What is avoidant attachment?
No honey before the first birthday, because it can carry spores that cause this illness.
What is infant botulism?
A child can finish the puzzle only when a caregiver hints where the corner pieces go. The puzzle sits in this zone.
What is the zone of proximal development?
Tying your shoes or riding a bicycle without thinking through the steps uses this kind of memory.
What is procedural (implicit) memory?
A very active toddler gets extra outdoor time to burn off energy before quiet activities. Matching care to temperament like this is called...
What is goodness of fit?
Harlow’s monkeys chose the soft cloth figure over the wire figure with food, showing the power of this in development
What is contact comfort?
“Infants can let go of things easily, so a baby who will not let go of your hair is being bad.”
What is mistaking a developing fine motor skill for misbehavior?
Letting go on purpose is a fine motor skill that develops after grasping. A baby who holds on is still learning to release, not being bad.
“Vygotsky believed children learn best when they are left alone to explore and construct their own cognition.”
What is naming the wrong theorist? Piaget believed that.
Piaget saw the child as an explorer. Vygotsky saw the child as an apprentice who learns through social interaction.
“A driver starts buckling up faster to make the seat belt beeping stop. That is positive punishment.”
What is mistaking negative reinforcement for punishment?
Buckling up became more likely, so it cannot be punishment. The beeping was taken away, which makes it negative reinforcement.
“How fussy a baby is on the first day tells you their temperament for life.”
What is overstating what newborn behavior predicts?
Newborn behavior predicts later temperament poorly. Temperament becomes more stable by the end of the first year.
“Babies attach to whoever feeds them, and nothing else matters.”
What is a claim Harlow’s research disproved?
This was Freud’s view. Harlow’s monkeys chose comfort over food.