Epidemiology
Physical Exam
Red Flags
Solid Tumors
Hematologic Cancer
Arabic and Islamic Medicine
100
Cancer ranks in this place among all causes of childhood mortality.
What is second place?
First place is injury.
100
Enlarged Lymph nodes in these two locations are particularly concerning for malignancy.
What is supraclavicular and epitrochlear?
Virchow's node = left supraclavicular node
Troisier's sign = enlarged, hard Virchow's node
Also concerning are >2cm, firm, nontender
100
Intractable watery diarrhea, flushing, hypertension, and opsoclonus-myoclonus "dancing eyes-dancing feet" syndrome are potential paraneoplastic manifestations of this cancer.
What is neuroblastoma?
7% of cancers in children 0-14 years. Diarrhea from hypersecretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide.
100
Germ cell tumors and other hormone producing tumors may cause precocious puberty which is defined as this.
What is the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of eight years in girls and nine years in boys?
100
The presence of these phenomena of fever, night sweats, and weight loss has significance for the staging and prognosis of Hodgkin's disease.
What are B symptoms?
Ann Arbor staging includes A as "absence" and B as "presence" of constitutional symptoms.
100
Their recommendation of quarantine to combat this disease caused Medieval Arabic health care providers to clash with many contemporary Islamic scholars whose interpretation of the Quran rejected the ideas of contagion and miasma.
What is the Black Plague?
200
The median delay of diagnosis for solid tumors in pediatric patients is this many weeks.
What is 11.6?
3 weeks delay for leukemia. 9 weeks for brain tumors.
200
Leukokoria, cat's eye reflex, is a physical exam finding associated with this condition.
What is retinoblastoma?
2-3% of all childhood cancers
200
Paraneoplastic manifestations of this disease include HTN, erythrocytosis, Cushing's syndrome, hypercalcemia and acquired von Willebrand disease.
Wilm's tumor
5% of cancers in children 0-14 years.
200
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the reproductive track may present as this symptom in prepubescent girls.
What is vaginal bleeding?
Rhabdomyosarcomas are 3% of cancers in children under age 14. 25% these are in the genitourinary tract.
200
These are the most common clinical findings in association with childhood leukemia.
What are hepatomegaly (64 percent) and splenomegaly (61 percent)?
200
Completed in 1025 CE, this Persian physician's Canon of Medicine was a standard medical text in Europe until the 1600s.
Who is Ibn Sina?
(Latinized Avicenna, 980-1037 CE)
300
This is the most common type of cancer in children age 0-14 years.
What is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)?
26% of cancers in 0-14 years old and 34% of cancers in patients 0-19 years old
300
Leukemia, neuroblastoma, and histiocytosis may be associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which can manifest as this skin finding.
What is purpura, "blueberry muffin" nodules?
300
New onset back pain warrants evaluation with radiography, CRP, CBC, and blood smear in children under this age.
What is 4 years old?
300
Growth failure is the most common presentation in children of this benign tumor located near the pituitary gland where it can cause hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency.
What is craniopharyngioma?
300
While highly aggressive, this B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with dysregulation of the c-myc gene has a cure rate of around 90%.
What is Burkitt's lymphoma?
300
In addition to writing over 200 works on medicine, alchemy, pharmacy, philosophy, and religion, this Medieval Persian physician's On the Diseases of Children was the first textbook of pediatrics.
Who is Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi?
(Latinized Rhazes, 865-925 CE)
400
This is the most common type of cancer in children age 15-19 years.
What is Hodgkin's lymphoma?
15% of cancers in 15-19 year olds and 11.5% of cancers in patients 0-19 years.
400
Sudden onset of a right varicocele could be associated with a mass on this organ.
What is the right kidney?
400
Back pain should be evaluated with radiography, CRP, CBC, and blood smear if it persists, wakes the child at night, or does not respond to therapy with this class of drugs.
What are NSAIDs?
400
This type of glioma is the most common brain cancer among children and may present with any number of neurological symptoms including seizures and headache.
What is astrocytoma?
46-76% have morning headache. Occipital headache is suspicious.
10% of CNS tumors present initially as seizures
400
Important risk stratification criteria for for this hematologic cancer in children include white blood cell (WBC) count, age at the time of diagnosis, cytogenetics, immunophenotype, and response to induction therapy
What is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?
Children with initial WBC >50,000/microL are assigned to the high risk group.
Children older than 10 years are assigned to the high risk group. Those younger than one year and those older than 13 years (in the United States) are assigned to the very high risk group.
400
Rufaida Al-Aslamia was the first Muslim of this health care profession and received permission from the Prophet Mohammed to care for pilgrims in a tent outside the mosque in Medina in the early 600s CE.
What is a nurse?
500
Cancers of this organ system accounts for 22.6% of childhood cancers.
What is the Central Nervous System?
Leukemia, lymphoma, and CNS tumors together represent 2/3 of all childhood cancers.
500
Gum swelling and bleeding are finding associated with this common type of childhood cancer.
What is leukemia?
Also histiocytosis
500
Lymphadenitis should be considered concerning for malignancy if does not respond to empiric therapy for MSSA and treatment with this antibiotic therapy for cat's scratch disease.
What is azithromycin?
500
The characteristic periosteal reaction of this bony cancer produces an "onion skin" appearance and the Codman triagnle finding on X-ray.
What is Ewing's sarcoma or osteosarcoma?
due to a tumor that is growing at a rate which is faster than the periosteum can grow or expand, so the periosteum tears away and provides ossification on the second edge of the triangle.
500
A complete blood count in a child with this condition most often reveals anemia and thrombocytopenia and can have decreased, normal, or increased white blood cell (WBC) counts with myeloblasts noted on the peripheral smear.
What is Acute Myeloid Leukemia?
500
While they represent around 1% of the US population, the American Medical Association estimated in 2014 that people of Islamic faith represent this percent of US physicians.
What is 10 percent?
600
Chemotherapy Agents
