Unequal Treaties
The treaty signed in 1895, between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire, that ended the First Sino-Japanese War.
1895年日本帝国与清帝国签订的条约结束了第一次中日战争。
Treaty of Shimonoseki
马关条约
A period of institutional reforms from 1861–1895 following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers
1861年至1895年的制度改革时期，在一系列军事失败和对外国列强的让步之后
Self-Strengthening Movement
自强运动
Wars fought between Great Britain and China over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals.
英国和中国之间因在外交关系、贸易和外国公民司法方面的相互冲突的观点而发生战争。
The Opium Wars
林则徐
The dynasty that immediately preceded the Qing Dynasty
紧接清朝之前的朝代
The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
明朝（1368-1644）
Five Chinese cities, including Shanghai, were open to British merchants and Hong Kong Island was to be transferred to the sovereignty of the British crown.
包括上海在内的五个中国城市向英国商人开放，香港岛将移交给英国王室主权。
Treaty of Nanjing/Nanking
南京条约
Massive civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864 led by Jesus' younger brother
1850年至1864年中国南方的大规模内战，由自称“耶稣基督”的弟弟领导。
The Taiping Rebellion
太平天国运动
War fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan, primarily over control of Korea in 1894-95.
清朝中国和明治日本之间的战争，主要是在 1894-95 年争夺朝鲜的控制权。
The First Sino-Japanese War
第一次中日战争
Descendants of the Jurchen tribe from present-day northeastern China that ruled the Qing Dynasty from 1644 to 1911
1644年至1911年统治清朝的今中国东北女真部落的后裔
The Manchu
满族
Allowed the establishment of western embassies in the capital, gave the British access up the Yangtze to Hankow and allowed missionaries and other the opportunity to travel freely.
允许在首都建立西方大使馆，允许英国人沿着长江到汉口，并允许传教士和其他人自由旅行。
Treaty of Tianjin (1858/60)
天津条约（1858/60）
Reform undertaken by the young Guangxu Emperor and his reform-minded supporters in 1898, ending with a coup d'état led by Empress Dowager Cixi.
1898年，年轻的光绪皇帝及其改革支持者进行了改革，以慈禧太后领导的政变告终。
100 Days Reform
100天改革
Armed uprising that took place in northern China from 1851 to 1868, contemporaneously with Taiping Rebellion?
1851年至1868年发生在中国北方的武装起义，与太平天国起义同时发生？
The Nein Rebellion
奈恩叛乱
Chinese revolutionary and political leader who was the first provisional president of the Republic of China; co-founded the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)
中华民国第一任临时总统的中国革命和政治领袖;共同创立国民党（国民党）
Dr. Sun Yat Sen
孙中山先生
The commercial treaty between France and China, which was signed by Théodore de Lagrené and Qiying on October 24, 1844 which ultimately legalized the practice of Christianity in China.
1844 年 10 月 24 日，西奥多·德·拉格内和启英签署了法国和中国之间的商业条约，最终使基督教在中国的实践合法化。
Treaty of Whampoa
黄埔条约
The Chinese import-export monopoly in Guangzhou (Canton) that was authorized by the Chinese Central Government to handle trade, particularly rights to trade tea and silk, with the West (during the Qing Dynasty).
中国在广州（广州）的进出口垄断企业，由中国中央政府授权处理与西方的贸易，特别是茶叶和丝绸贸易权（清朝时期）。
The cohong
科宏
The revolution that marked the end of over 2,000 years of imperial rule and the beginning of China's republican era.
这场革命标志着2000多年帝国统治的结束和中国民国时代的开始。
The Xinhai Revolution
辛亥革命
The Xian Feng Emperor's Manchu concubine who seized power upon his death and was the de facto ruler of Qing China from 1861-1908, until her own death.
咸丰皇帝的满族妃子，在他死后夺取政权，从1861年至1908年是清朝中国的实际统治者，直到她自己去世。
Empress Dowager Cixi
慈禧太后
This supplementary treaty granted extraterritorial privileges to British subjects and Most Favored Nation status to the United Kingdom, which meant that Britain would enjoy any privilege granted to other powers.
该补充条约赋予英国臣民治外法权特权，给予英国最惠国待遇，这意味着英国将享有给予其他列强的任何特权。
Treaty of the Bogue
博格条约
A violent anti-foreigner movement which took place in China between 1899 and 1901. It was initiated by the Righteous Harmony Society and was in opposition to foreign imperialism and Christian missions.
1899年至1901年间在中国发生的一场暴力反外国人运动。它由正义和谐协会发起，反对外国帝国主义和基督教传教团。
The Boxer Rebellion (1900)
义和团起义（1900）
The last Emperor of China and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing Dynasty.
中国末代皇帝，清朝第十二位也是最后一位统治者。
Emperor Puyi
溥仪
Qing military official and commander of the Beiyang Army and the Republic of China's first premier
清朝军方官员、北洋军司令员、中华民国第一任总理
Yuan Shikai
袁世凯