The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Elites who held too much institutional power were to be...
removed from their positions and assigned employment at manual labor jobs
Who was was accused of errors, such as unsound plans during the Great Leap and his role in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, but was still officially recognized as a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary whose contributions to the Chinese Revolution far outweighed his mistakes?
Mao Tse-Tung
What were some factors that contributed to the movement for more political freedom in the late 1980s?
The historic desire of Chinese intellectuals for a genuinely democratic political system, the increase in freedom of initiative in the economic system, higher levels of cultural contact with societies that have relatively open political expression, and the example of Gorbachev’s democratizing reforms in the USSR
What happened to real wages between 1982 and the mid 1990s?
They approximately doubled
How were the gains in the Chinese economy, compared to that of Russia's, characterized in the 1990s?
They were impressive
The cultural revolution developed after...
a series of exchanges among leftist and rightist
intellectuals over a play that focused on domineering officials and victimized peasants in a much earlier era in Chinese history
The democratization of which authority structures was not achieved despite the benefits brought to rural areas?
Political and workplace authority structures
Why had the Communist Party lost prestige in the late 1980s?
Because of the failure of a number of its pre-1990s programs and allegations of corruption of some party and government officials
What were some of China’s development policies in the 1990s?
Fostering private enterprise, maintaining a leading role for the state in economic planning and coordination, and a disciplined, one-party political system characterized by a gradual democratization process
What were some or Russia's biggest problems in the 1990s?
Russia was plagued by economic difficulties, organized crime in thousands of supposedly legitimate businesses, and gigantic levels of corruption
organize Red Guard committees to begin movements in their cities against rightists in positions of authority
Which changes were made in the 1980s to increase productivity?
Greater reliance on material incentives and legalizing small-scale private businesses such as restaurants, clothing manufacture and sales, and transport services
When did pro-democracy protests begin in the late 1980s?
April 1989
Which countries' success story did the new development policies seem to resemble?
Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and post–World War II Japan
What was the economic strategy of postcommunist leaders in Russia?
Advised by US economists, they attempted to employ economic shock therapy characterized by multiple, near-simultaneous changes
True or false: “Capitalist roaders” constituted a minority among the Communist Party’s leadership, according to Mao Tse-Tung
True
Describe what the SEZs were
Special economic zones where foreign corporations were allowed to build plants in specific restricted-access sites inside China
Who had been forced to resign as a leader of the Communist Party after blaming him for student demonstrations in 1986 and 1987, and was admired by university students?
Hu Yaobang
How did the the share of China’s gross national product (GNP) generated by the state sector change after the creation of non-state-owned economic enterprises?
It declined between 1978 and 1992 from 56 percent to less than 40 percent
In which sector was the private enterprise first introduced in China?
Agriculture
Who was Hua Guofeng and who did he arrest on charges of trying to foment civil war?
He was a premier and chairman of the Communist Party, he arrested top leftist leaders (the so-called Gang of Four), including Mao’s wife
Which country took advantage of the implementation of SEZs by having 450 corporations create joint ventures with the Chinese government?
The USA
What happened during the Tiananmen Square protests, and when did they take place?
Heavily armed troops, untrained for dealing with civilian protests, brutally repressed the demonstrators. At a minimum, hundreds were killed, mainly nonstudent residents of the city attempting to block the advance of troops in the streets leading to Tiananmen Square on May 4, 1989. Hundreds were arrested after the protests
How did the percentage of self-employed and private
businesspeople change from the late 1970s to the early 1990s?
It rose from 0.4 percent to 3.7 percent
What were some of the major political differences in the democratization processes in Russia and China?
Gorbachev attempted to fully democratize the political system in the USSR and Russia before economic reforms, which resulted in nationalistic tensions to destroy the USSR and massive disruption in new nations that had been republics of the USSR. In China, a one-party state prevailed, which helped maintain China together as one nation