Amino Acids and Proteins
This amino acid is the only one without a chiral center
Glucose and galactose differ only at carbon 4. This makes them this type of stereoisomer
What are epimers
When a weak acid and its conjugate base are present in equal amounts this relationship can be used to easily solve a problem
What is pKa=pH when [A-]=[HA]
This metabolic pathway converts pyruvate into lactate in the absence of oxygen, regenerating NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
What is lactic acid fermentation
This type of enzyme inhibition occurs when a molecule binds to the active site, competing with the substrate.
What is competitive inhibition
What is the name of the bond that is created when two cysteine residues undergo oxidation and reinforce a proteins tertiary structure
What are disulfide bonds
The bond formed between two monosaccharides is called this specific type of covelant linkage
What is a glycosidic bond
A buffer works best near this specific value related to its conjugate acid, often seen on a titration curve plateau
What is the pKa
Breaking down one molecule of glucose through glycolysis produces this net amount of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
What is 2 ATP,2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate
When substrate binding changes an enzyme’s shape to enhance catalysis, this model explains the interaction.
What is the induced fit model
These four amino acids are aromatic...
What is Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Tryosine, and Histidine
This fatty acid feature raises melting temperature while this one lowers it
What are longer chain lengths (increase Tm) and more double bonds (lowers Tm)
This term represents the change in free energy of a reaction and predicts whether a reaction will occur spontaneously.
What is Gibbs free energy
If 7 Acetyl-CoA molecules were to enter the Citric acid cycle, approximately how much ATP could be generated?
What is 70
21x2.5=52.5
7x1.5=10.5
7x1=7
This term represents the substrate concentration at which an enzyme works at half its maximum velocity (Vmax).
What is Km
This amino acid has a pKa near physiological pH (~6.0), allowing it act as both a proton donor and acceptor and is most commonly found in the active site of enzymes
What is Histidine
This class of lipids consists of four fused hydrocarbon rings and includes cholesterol and many hormones
What are steroids
In a reaction preparing acetate buffer, the pKa of acetic acid is 4.76 and the buffer contains .3M acetic acid and .10M sodium acetate. What is the pH?
pH=pKa+log([HA]/[A−])
pH=4.46
Gluconeogenesis uses precursors like pyruvate, lactate, or glycerol. To synthesize one glucose from two pyruvate molecules, this is the net ATP/GTP and NADH/NADPH cost.
What is... 4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH
4 ATP: 2 ATP from pyruvate → oxaloacetate + 2 ATP from 3-phosphoglycerate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
2 GTP: 2 GTP from oxaloacetate → PEP
2 NADH: 2 NADH from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
In this process The end product of a pathway inhibits an early enzyme to maintain balance.
What is Feedback/Allosteric inhibition
This term describes independently folded functional units within a single protein that often have distinct roles
What are domains
This type of lipid found exclusively on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane and are essential for cell to cell signalling
What are glycolipids
A reaction has a ΔG°′ of +5.0 kJ/mol. At 298 K, the [products]=.02M while the [Reactants]=.1M. This term describes how this reaction will proceed.
ΔG = ΔG°′ + RT ln Q
What is non-spontaneous
These three enzymes are essential in glycolysis but are irreversible
What are Hexokinase, Phosphofructose kinase, and pyruvate kinase.
This inhibition lowers Vmax but leaves Km unchanged
What is noncompetitive inhibition
Why?: Noncompetitive inhibitors bind away from the active site, changing enzyme shape. This reduces the total number of active enzymes, lowering Vmax, but the substrate’s affinity for the active site (Km) doesn’t change.