Chp. 23: The Course and Conduct of World War I
This man was the President of the United States during World War I.
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
Those who opposed American involvement in World War I were known as this. (The Women's Peace Party would be an example)
What is a pacifist?
On January 8, 1918, Wilson went before Congress to explain his war aims. Although the war was still raging, he boldly stated an ambitious program to make the world "fit and safe to live in." He called his blueprint for peace this. It was designed to protect "every peace-loving nation" and peoples from "force and selfish aggression."
What were the Fourteen Points?
When the fighting ended sooner than expected, the federal government had no plans for this, the transition from wartime to peacetime. Hundreds of factories that had produced war materials closed. Crop prices fell as overseas demand for farm products dropped. Millions of Americans were suddenly thrown out of work.
What is demobilization?
This man was the leading Senator of the reservationists faction of the Treaty of Versailles ratification debate.
Who was Henry Cabot Lodge?
Prior to American entry into the war, the United States had a volunteer army of about 200,000 soldiers. These forces received low pay and lacked equipment. Few soldiers had ever seen combat. To enter the war, the military would need tens of thousands more soldiers—and quickly. In May 1917, Congress passed this, which created a national draft.
What was the Selective Service Act?
To help the government "sell" the war to the public, the president created a government propaganda agency known as this. He chose reporter George Creel to head the program. Creel saw the organizations work as a way of fighting war critics and preserving "American ideals."
What was the Committee of Public Information (CPI)?
For Wilson, the last of his postwar plans was the most important. It called for setting up an international organization called this to ensure world peace. Member nations would agree to protect one another's independence and territorial integrity. Under the principle of territorial integrity, nations respect one another's borders and do not try to gain another country's territory by force. Working together, members would resolve conflicts before those conflicts escalated into wars.
What was the League of Nations?
In the summer of 1927, Alvan Fuller, the governor of Massachusetts, held the lives of two men in his hands. Six years earlier, these two men had been found guilty of committing a double murder and robbery (that they may or may have not committed) and were condemned to die. The case sparked an international outcry that brought to light the issues of social injustice which permeated postwar United States.
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?
This Jamaican-born African American leader believed blacks would never be treated fairly in a white-dominated country. "Our success educationally, industrially, and politically is based upon the protection of a nation founded by ourselves," he argued. "And the nation can be nowhere else but in Africa." He created the Back-to-Africa Movement but failed to achieve his goals after he was imprisoned for mail fraud.
Who was Marcus Garvey?
American troops first landed in France in June 1917. Their official name was this (AEF), but they were nicknamed "the Doughboys." The AEF fought under the command of General John J. Pershing, and most were infantry—soldiers who fight on foot. Although few in number, the American infantry bolstered the Allies' morale.
What was the American Expeditionary Force?
Throughout the war, the government held rallies to promote the sale of these. In big cities, movie stars and sports heroes urged people to buy them, quoting slogans such as "Come across or the Kaiser will!" and "A bond slacker is a Kaiser backer."
What were Liberty Bonds?
The inclusion of this in the treaty demolished Wilson's earlier hope for "peace without victory." In addition, the treaty required Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies. Reparations are payments demanded of a defeated nation by the victor in a war to offset the cost of the war. Germans resented both, rightly fearing that the payments would cripple their economic recovery from the war.
What was the War-Guilt Clause?
With the growth of anarchism, radicalism, bolshevism, and communism in other areas around the world (especially in Russia and the Russian Revolution), many Americans feared that these radical movements would make their way to the shores of the United States and upend the democratic institutions the country was founded upon. This period of heightened fear is known as this.
What was the Red Scare?
On June 2, 1919, the intensity of the Red Scare increased. Eight bombs exploded in eight cities at the same time. One target was Attorney General Mitchell Palmer's house in Washington, D.C. In response, Palmer launched a campaign against subversives, or people who sought to overthrow the government. This campaign, known as the Palmer Raids, led to the arrests and deportations of approximately this many suspected radicals. (Must be within a reasonable amount)
What is approximately 6,000?
This all-black regiment had a different experience from white American soldiers. As an exception to Pershing's rule about American soldiers not fighting in Allied units, the regiment operated under French command. They took part in active combat, for which they earned high praise. The soldiers of the regiment fought so fiercely, Germans called them the "Hell Fighters." After the war, France awarded the regiment the country's highest military honors.
What was the 369th Regiment?
In response to rising dissent over America's involvement in World War I, Congress passed these two laws which made it a crime to interfere with the military draft or to publicly speak out against the war.
These were the three distinct groups and beliefs of Senators that debated the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. (Must give the names of the groups and their stance on ratification)
Who were the internationalists (Democrats that supported ratification), reservationists (Republicans who would commit to ratification after some changes were made, especially Article 10 which focused on collective security), and irreconcilables (Republicans who refused to ratify the treaty under any circumstance due to its nature of international cooperation).
Immigrants anti-immigrant pressure by passing the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921. This new law capped the number of people allowed into the country each year at 375,000. It also introduced this to limit the number of immigrants from each country. The maximum number was set at 3 percent of a country's residents in the United States in 1910. Three years later, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924.This law reduced the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year to 164,000. It also cut maximum numbers to 2 percent of a country's residents in the United States in 1890. The new law also banned all immigration from Asia.
What was the quota system?
Give and explain three of the terms listed within the Treaty of Versailles.
Answers will vary but may include: Territorial changes (Alsace-Lorraine, Saar, Danzig, etc.), loss of colonies (creation of mandates), military restrictions, reparations, guarantees of demilitarization (Rhineland), international organization (League of Nations).
In late September, the Allies launched the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The AEF's goal was to break through the German line to reach the Sedan railroad in northern France. This rail line was the German army's main line of supply and communication with Germany. More than 1 million U.S. troops took part in this final assault. After six weeks of hard fighting through the Argonne Forest, the Americans achieved their objective. It was on this day that the Germans agreed to an armistice (truce).
When was 11:00 am November 11, 1918?
As production of war materials rose, thousands of new jobs opened up in the North at the nation's steel and auto factories. The mining and meatpacking industries also needed more workers. At the same time, the flood of new immigrants from Europe had stopped, contributing to a growing labor shortage. Employers in northern cities desperately needed workers. What began as a trickle soon turned into a mass movement of African Americans known as the Great Migration. Chicago, New York City, Cleveland, and other cities saw an explosion of black residents. This is approximately how many African Americans moved during the Great Migration. (Must be within a reasonable amount)
What is approximately 6 million people?
The Paris Peace Conference opened with great ceremony at the Palace of Versailles. The leaders of the four largest victorious nations made almost all the decisions. This group, known as the Big Four, included all of these heads of state.
Who were Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)?
A group of pacifists and social activists founded the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) to protect freedom of speech. The ACLU specialized in the defense of unpopular individuals and groups. This was the year in which the organization was founded. (Must have exact year)
When was 1920?
In this year, Schenck vs United States, a case involving the Espionage Act, reached the Supreme Court. Charles Schenck, a socialist, was charged with distributing leaflets to recent draftees, urging them to resist the military draft. He was convicted of interfering with recruitment. His lawyer appealed Schenck's conviction on the grounds that his right to free speech had been denied. In a unanimous opinion, written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., the Court held that Schenck's conviction was constitutional. "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic," Holmes wrote. Schenck's publications created "a clear and present danger" to a nation engaged in war. "When a nation is at war," wrote Holmes, "things that might be said in time of peace . . . will not be endured so long as men fight." (Must have exact year)