Plato
Whom did Plato argue would make the best leaders in the world?
Philosophers
This was Aristotle's "formula" for discovering how to determine virtue; the center point between two polar extremes.
The Golden Mean
What is the only thing human beings control, according to the Stoics?
our free will
Kant argues that without it, a person cannot become moral, since they demonstrate they do not value virtue, or are willing to trade virtue like a commodity.
A Good Will
Who are the three major voices within Stoic Philosophy?
Marcus Aurelius
Seneca
Epictetus
How does Plato describe the things that exist in material reality?
Imperfect, changing, shows variation, and temporal.
These are the two ways Aristotle teaches us anybody can practice virtue. What are the two ways?
By Habit
By the Intellect
What is logos, and how do the Stoics describe what it does?
Logos is the divine/cosmic reason that governs and organizes the universe to the benefit of the whole.
What does it mean for reason to be a-priori?
it means pure reason, without any reference to experience.
How does each philosophical side gain knowledge:
1. Empiricists
2. Rationalists
1. Empiricists: by experience
2. Rationalists: by reason
How does Plato describe the things that exist in the reality of Ideal Forms?
Perfect, unchanging, without variation, Eternal
According to Aristotle, what is the concept of Eudaimonia?
It is our highest good or the highest human good.
Stoics are compatiblists. What two contradictory ideas do the Stoics hold as a paradox and compatible?
Free Will and Fate
What does true freedom look like for Kant?
True freedom is a person willing to submit themselves to reason, and the obligations of moral law, free from their passions and emotions and experiences.
Name all four of the Greek Virtues that Aristotle says gives us a happy life.
Wisdom
Moderation
Justice
Courage
To Plato, what was the highest Ideal Form of all other ideas in the "divine realm"?
Goodness
What does it mean for Justice to be Honorific?
It means virtue and justice is held up and honored in society so that everyone can benefit and learn from it.
What is Apathy according to the Stoics?
Apathy is indifference to what we cannot control.
What is Phenomena and what is Noumena?
Phenomena: objects/events as we experience them
Noumena: objects/events as they exist in themselves
This is what we normally call and identify as "something good." In Stoicism, these are things we want and work towards, but even when we get them or not, we will treat the outcome with apathy nonetheless. What is this concept called?
Preferred Indifference
When we talked about Plato, we spoke of the concept called, The Hero's Journey. What are the three steps to The Hero's Journey?
Departure, Initiation, Return
According to Aristotle, what is a substantial nature vs an essential nature?
Substantial: the thing that you are
Essential: what you have potential to become
What is Stoic Sympathy?
Living in accordance with nature and what the cosmic reason of the universe has given to you, either good or bad.
What is Theoretical Reason vs Practical Reason?
Theoretical: Tells us what the universe is
Practical: Tells us how the universe ought to be
This logical fallacy uses irrelevance to distract attention from the real issue.
For example:
Manager: "Why were you late to the meeting this morning?"
Employee: "I stayed late yesterday finishing the project."
Red Herring