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King James Bible
What is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI?
Name several features of Pentecostalism
It focuses on the gifts of the Holy Spirit, including speaking in tongues
It started as a new denomination of Christianity, with organized leaders and beliefs.
Explain the difference between Liberal Protestantism, Neo-Orthodoxy, and Fundamentalism
Liberal Protestantism: embraces modernity and its insights, integrating them into their understanding of the Bible, and adopting its methods.
Neo-Orthodoxy:This group takes modernity into account but stresses the limits of reason to understand God as transcendent.
Fundamentalism:This group rejects modernity, including evolution and critical analysis of the Bible, reading the text literally, as inerrant.
Definition: Diet of Worms
A gathering of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany in 1521, primarily to address the teachings of Martin Luther and determine the appropriate response from political and religious authorities. Luther, summoned to the Diet, refused to recant his writings and was declared a heretic, marking a significant moment in the Protestant Reformation.
Biblical Criticism
A scholarly approach to understanding the Bible using critical analysis
Fundamentalism
This term defines a group rejects modernity, including evolution and critical analysis of the Bible, reading the text literally, as inerrant.
Name the features and values of the Enlightenment?
Scientific method which led to new discoveries like heliocentrism.
Empiricism which argues that knowledge should be gained through direct experience.
What were some of the ways which the Council of Trent differentiated Catholicism from Protestant groups? What institutional reforms did the council make?
The Council of Trent, convened by the Catholic Church as a response to the Protestant Reformation, differentiated Catholicism from Protestant groups by reaffirming traditional doctrines and practices, such as the seven sacraments, the authority of the Pope, and the veneration of saints. The council also addressed institutional reforms by addressing corruption within the clergy, reforming religious orders, and establishing seminaries for priest training
Definition: Transubstantiation
a Catholic doctrine stating that during the Eucharist (Holy Communion), the bread and wine offered during mass are transformed into the actual body and blood of Jesus Christ while retaining their physical appearance
Vulgate
A Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible
John Hus
Who is a church reformer who believed the church was under the authority of scripture and could be criticized to the degree that it failed to correspond with the scriptural witness- including the Pope?
What was Pietism challenging and what did it emphasize instead?
Pietism, a 17th and 18th-century German Lutheran movement, challenged the emphasis on formal theology and doctrine that was prevalent in some circles, and instead emphasized personal piety, individual religious experience, and the importance of right living. It sought to revitalize Christian life beyond formal religious practices by fostering a more personal and active faith.
How was the English Reformation different than the Lutheran Reformation?
The English Reformation, primarily driven by political and dynastic motives under King Henry VIII, differed significantly from the Lutheran Reformation, which was rooted in theological disputes. While both movements challenged the authority of the Pope, the English Reformation retained many Catholic practices and structures, whereas the Lutheran Reformation led to the establishment of new, distinct Protestant churches
Essay: What were the effects of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) on political and religious entities?
It ushered in a new era of state sovereignty and international law, recognizing the right of states to govern themselves independently. Religiously, it affirmed religious toleration within the Holy Roman Empire, granting rulers the right to determine their state's religion and allowing subjects to practice their faith privately.
Proselytizing
The action of attempting to convert someone from one religion, belief, or opinion to another.
Anabaptist
Name the Christian movement that emerged during the 16th-century Radical Reformation in Europe, primarily known for their belief in adult baptism
What is the Encomienda-doctrina system?
A leader was allowed to run a territory and missionaries would build a base from there, focusing on conversion, but also what they saw as their responsibility to “civilize savages.”
What was the Second Vatican Council?
The council sought to update the Church's practices and theology to be more relevant to the modern world, a concept known as aggiornamento. The council initiated significant changes to the Latin Mass, including the option of using vernacular languages, aiming to promote greater active participation by the faithful. The council recognized and promoted the role of lay people in the Church, empowering them to take a more active part in the life of the Church. The council encouraged dialogue and respect for other religions, breaking away from previous condemnations of other faiths.
Definition: Manifest Destiny
A 19th-century belief that the United States was destined, by God, to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent
Double predestination
Double predestination is the belief that God actively chooses some individuals for salvation and actively chooses others for damnation
Augsburg Confession
What is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation?
What is an indulgence?
A partial or full remission of the temporal punishment due to sin, after the guilt of the sin has already been forgiven through confession and absolution.
How has American exceptionalism manifested itself through the Evangelical movement and the rise of the Religious Right?
American exceptionalism, the belief that the U.S. holds a unique and special position among nations, has been deeply intertwined with both the Evangelical movement and the rise of the Religious Right. This manifests through the belief that the U.S. is divinely favored, destined for greatness, and has a unique mission to spread its values and ideals to the world. This belief system often fuels a sense of moral superiority, leading to specific political and social stances.
Definition: Mormonism
a religious movement founded in the 19th century by Joseph Smith. While considered a Christian faith, Mormonism has unique beliefs and practices that distinguish it from other Christian denominations. Key aspects of Mormonism include the belief in the Bible and the Book of Mormon, a unique view of God and the Godhead, the importance of ordinances like baptism and temple rituals, and the belief in continuing revelation through living prophets.
Theocracy
A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
Double Jeopardy- What is the "treasury of merit" and how is it connected to the selling of indulgences?
The tresury of merit are the collective merits of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints. It is understood as a reservoir of spiritual good works and satisfactions that can be applied to others, particularly in the context of indulgences.