set-up and early middle ages
Who was Diocletian and what did he create?
Roman Emperor who split the Roman Empire into half and created a new ruling system: The Tetrarchy
define Christendom and papal states
period in the middle ages where Christianity was the dominant religion
a set of territory in central Italy bequeathed to the Pope by the Franks
what were the two types of positions in the tetrachy? and which was the higher?
Augustus > Caesar
which came first, the Edict of Milan or the Battle of Milvian Bridge? and pick one to define...
Battle of Milvian Bridge (Constantine had to 'win' before he could start changing stuff)
312 - 313
what was the name of the Council that Catholics had to reform and respond to Luther?
Council of Trent
define Caesaropapism and Desert Fathers
a secular ruler who always has authority/leads in the church
early church leaders who preferred to follow their faith in the solitude of the desert--away from society
define 'purgatory' and who was Constantine?
place of purification and/or temporary punishment for people destined for heaven
Constantine: guy who conquered the western half of the Roman Empire, converted to Christianity, etc.
What was the name of the founder of Islam? and what is the name of their holy book?
Muhammed; Qur'an
Define 'Transubstantiation'
the Catholic belief that, during the priest's prayer at mass, the elements become the actual body and blood of jesus
What was the key theological debate discussed in the Catholic church that was phrased as
'______ vs. _______'
and who was on which side?
faith vs. works
luther vs. catholics
How did people practice Monasticism during the time of St. Antony? And would St. Benedict approve? why/why not?
Independently (working and living in solitude); he would NOT approve (he heavily criticized people who were acted as monks independently--and not at a monastery and under an abbot)
Between Christians and Muslims, which did the author find to have a better faith?
I found a half-closed gate, opened it and entered a church. Inside were about ten old men, their bare heads as white as combed cotton. They were facing east, and wore (embroidered?) on their breasts staves ending in crossbars turned up like the rear of a saddle. They took their oath on this sign, and gave hospitality to those who needed it. The sight of their piety touched my heart, but at the same time it displeased and saddened me, for I had never seen such zeal and devotion among the Muslims. For some time I brooded on this experience, until one day, as Mu'in ad-Din and I were passing the Peacock House he said to me: 'I want to dismount here and visit the Old Men [the ascetics].' 'Certainly,' I replied, and we dismounted and went into a long building set at an angle to the road. For the moment I thought there was no one there. Then I saw about a hundred prayer mats, and on the each a sufi, his face expressing peaceful serenity, and his body humble devotion. This was a reassuring sight, and I gave thanks to Almighty God that there were among the Muslims men of even more zealous devotion than those Christian priests.
By the end of this Muslim's encounter with the Christians, whose piety did they find as the most devout: muslims or christians?
Muslims
define simony and feudalism
the buying or selling of spiritual things (such as church offices, holy items, etc.)
governmental system in which case a higher lord exchanges land and/or power to have the soldiers of other lords assist them in battle
What does 'mendicant' refer to?
someone who relies on begging/alms
Which side in the Reformation (Protestant or Catholic) claimed the Bible verse: Ephesians 2:8-9
For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God— 9 not by works, so that no one can boast.
Catholics
How did St. Antony learn how to be a monk?
He followed, stayed with, and imitated other monks that he revered .
When covering the Crusades... the first two sources we read were by different Pope's discussing what would come of Christian's who died in battle against pagans. What would happen to them, according to the Pope's? And what was this to encourage different people to do?
They got a golden ticket right to heaven... and it was to encourage people to fight on the church's behalf--especially in the upcoming crusades
define lay investiture and indulgences
when secular rulers would appoint their own bishops and priests (instead of the Pope) canceling out time in Purgatory (the remission of temporal punishment of sins already forgiven)
1054-- the splitting of the (Western) Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox
what were the three internal things in the Catholic Church that contributed to the Reformation?
- lay investiture and simony
- corrupt practices
- corrupt leadership
There were two pieces of art that we analyzed in class. Whose coronation were they depicting? And name 1-2 of the determining factors that showed which party (that of the king or the pope) had preference in the image:
Charlemagne (800 CE---Christmas Day)
we discussed two key factors:
- Stature (the size of the king compared to the Pope)
- presence of support (# of secular people in attendance vs. # of clergy)
what was the purpose of the council of Nicaea? And what are ecumenical Councils?
to combat Arianism; official church councils where bishops come together to determine what the church's official teachings/stances will be
In the prologue of the Rule of St. Benedict, what is the proposed purpose? And what is the author's stance on its' difficulty?
to create a school of the Lord's service... in order to help people reach heaven
it isn't supposed to be terribly difficult, but if it ends up being so, deal with it. It is worth it for the 'narrow gate'
what were the three external things that contributed to the Reformation?
- fall of Constantinople
- printing press
- monarchies > feudalism