Ottomans
What was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire called?
Sultan
What was the most important city in Japan during the Tokugawa period?
Edo
Which public space provided opportunties for people to share ideas, debate, and converse during the Enlightenment?
Salons and Coffeehouses
When was the American Revolution? What was the main cause?
1775-1783. Cause was from opposition towards British rule, especially over issues of taxation without representation.
How is the EIC connected to British colonialism?
The British East India Company (EIC) helped establish and expand British control in India. Originally created for trade, the EIC eventually gained political and military power, using its own army to defeat local rulers and take control of territory. It collected taxes, controlled trade, and governed large parts of India. This shift from trade to rule helped the development of British colonialism.
What were the wives of the Sultan and the mothers of the Sultan called?
Wives of Sultan: Haseki Sultans
Mothers of Sultan: Valide Sultans
Who was the historical figure who founded the Tokugawa period, helping to create a time of peace, stability, and economic growth in Japan?
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Rationalism, deism, questioning traditional authority, individual rights, equality and liberty
Identify a difference between the Chesapeake vs New England colonies.
Chesapeake: Commercial orientation, had many plantations
New England: Not commercially oriented, main settlers were Puritans
What themes are shared between the American Revolution and the Enlightenment?
Challenging authority, individual rights and freedoms, reason and progress
The Ottoman Empire ruled over many territories that expanded across three continents with a multi-ethnic and multi-religious population. What system of governance did they use to manage these various communities?
Millet System - Each millet/nation had a religious leader that managed the community, allowing communities to regulate their own religious and civil affairs
Warriors, Farmers, Artisans, and Merchants
What were the main ideas of Rousseau, John Locke, and Montesquieu?
Rousseau: Governments are social contracts. A social contract between the government and people means that people should be able to rule themselves and governments should serve the people.
Locke: Human born with natural rights: Life, Liberty, and Property. The role of government is to protect the natural rights.
Montesquieu: Idea that there should be a separation of power within the government: Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Define chattel slavery, transatlantic slave trade, and middle passage.
Chattel Slavery: The enslaving and owning of human beings and their offspring as property, able to be bought, sold, and forced to work without wages, as distinguished from other systems of forced, unpaid, or low-wage labor.
Transatlantic Slave Trade: Refers to the forced migration of people from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas in the 16th to 19th centuries
Middle Passage: Refers to the journey from the African coast to the Americas (transatlantic crossing which took 1-2 months)
Choose two historical contexts (Ottoman Empire, Tokugawa, America, or the Enlightenment) and compare the roles, expectations, and/or experiences of women in each.
Answers will be different. Look through the different readings and primary source documents to answer.
Were women in the Ottoman Empire only confined to the harem and hamam? Explain your answer.
No, women in the Ottoman Empire were not only confined to the harem and hamam. Women were visible in many areas of society as they owned property and ran businesses, participating in economic life outside the household. In rural areas, women worked in the fields and contributed to agriculture. Women were present in markets, streets, and religious or social spaces, such as visiting shrines or attending community events. Class and status affected their visibility as elite women had more restrictions whereas lower-class women were often more freely visible in daily activities.
Explain the attitude towards Western and European influences during the Tokugawa period and some of the consequence of these attitudes.
Viewed western influences as a threat to Japan's stability, especially missionaries. This led to a complete ban on Christianity in the 1630s. From 1633, Japanese subjects were forbidden to travel abroad and foreign contact was limited to a few trades with Chinese and Dutch merchants.
Royal Charter 1600 granted by Queen Elizabeth I, gave the EIC exclusive rights to trade in the East Indies/Asia. This Charter included the name of corporation, size, constitution, rights and liabilities, changing the Company into a juristic person with exclusive privilege of trade with the East Indies. The same Charter further granted legislative power to the Company “to make by laws, ordinances etc. for the good government of company and its servants and to punish offences against them by fine or imprisonment according to the laws statutes and customs of the Realm.”
Explain the difference between indentured servitude and chattel slavery.
Indentured servants: Contracted workers, able to be gain freedom, possibility for upward social mobility after completing contract "freedom dues," mostly lower-class European men and women
Chattel Slavery: In America during the 17th and 18th centuries, enslavement of Africans were the main form of labour, laws made it so that status would be hereditary, limited mobility, little to no possibility of freedom, forced, racial justification
Identify a similarity and difference between the Ottoman Empire's hierarchy vs. the Tokugawa Shogunate's hierarchy (social structure).
Ottoman: Diverse society, so the hierarchy was not very simple. Those with social power included bureaucrats, religious scholars, and military officials. Warrior-aristocrats received benefits for their service (i.e., tax exemptions and land). Lower class society included merchants, farmers, herdsman, manufacturers , and seafarers. Hierarchy was important for stability but it was not rigid.
Tokugawa: Not a diverse society. Hierarchy was very strict and rigid. The Emperor was at the top, then the Shogun and Daimyo, Samurais, and at the bottom were peasants, artisans and merchants. Strict hierarchy was in place to help maintain stability and social order. Mobility between classes was prohibited
Who was Hurrem Sultan? Explain their historical significance.
Hurrem was a consort of Suleiman (Ottoman Sultan) who eventually became his wife. She is the first woman in the history of the Ottoman Empire to interfere in state affairs and be named Haseki Sultan. She demonstrates the role of women during the Sultanate of Women period where upper-class/elite women held significant power. She acted as Suleiman's advisor, influencing foreign policy and politics.
Analyze this text: “... the true master of the way of the warrior is one who maintains his martial discipline even in time of peace. ... the farmer’s toil is proverbial ... He selects the seed from last fall’s crop, and undergoes various hardships and anxieties through the heat of the summer until the seed grows finally to a rice plant. ... The rice then becomes the sustenance for the multitudes. ... the artisan’s occupation is to make and prepare wares and utensils for the use of others. ... the merchant facilitates the exchange of goods so that the people can cover their nakedness and keep their bodies warm. ...
Example answer: This illustrates the ranking of occupations during the Tokugawa period. It demonstrates the strict expectations and responsibilities assigned to different social roles. The warrior is expected to maintain discipline even in peace, the farmer works to provide food for society, the artisan creates goods for the community, and the merchant facilitates trade to meet people’s basic needs. The passage shows how each occupation was valued for its contribution to social order and stability.
Explain the significance of the Anglo-Mysores Wars to EIC and British colonialism
Example answer: The Anglo-Mysore Wars were significant for the British East India Company because they allowed Britain to expand its control in India and weaken a powerful territorial rival. Defeating Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan removed major military threats, secured key trade routes, and increased access to resources like spices and textiles. These victories strengthened the EIC’s economic and political power and set a precedent for direct colonial rule, marking an important step in Britain’s expansion and colonial control of India.
Example answer can look at differences in experiences based on location (i.e., different colonies), religious beliefs, ethnicity, and/or social class.
Examine the theme of equality in America and the Enlightenment period. To what extent was equality available to all people?
Answers will vary. Look through primary source documents of both periods (Colonies, Enslavement, and Enlightenment) to analyze.