The Enlightenment
This 'revolution', which took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, involved drastic change in scientific thought, as well as the role of religion in society.
The Scientific Revolution
The despised wife of Louis the 16th, known for her extravagant spending.
Marie Antoinette
Name of the invention by James Hargreaves in 1764 that revolutionized the spinning and weaving of cloth process.
Spinning Jenny
Prussia and Austria
Karl Marx's 1848 political document that largely influenced the Revolutions of 1848 all throughout Continental Europe, as well as the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was called this:
Communist Manifesto
Widely known as the 'Father of Liberalism', this English philosopher argued that all men have the right of life, liberty, and property.
John Locke
He was a leading revolutionary radical elected to the Estates General in 1789, who aimed to establish a republic and played a significant role in fomenting the rebellions of the French Revolution.
Maximillian de Robespierre
The ________ Acts led to small scale farmers being pushed out of their farms by wealthier farmers, which kick-started the urbanization that was required for the Industrial Revolution to take place.
Enclosure
Meaning the right of everyone to hold opinions, without interference, liberals demanded this during the Revolutions of 1848 in Prussia and Austria.
Freedom of the press/assembly
This term, referring to peasant famers, was used by Karl Marx to denote the group of people who were not seen as a significant part of his envisioned revolution.
lumpenproletariat
This famous Frenchman, a strong proponent of individual liberalism, once said “I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Voltaire
The new "humane" killing machine use to execute Louis XVI
The Guillotine
This natural resource led to the introduction of the steam engine, thereby fueling the Industrial Revolution
Coal
The bicameral legislature of Prussia consisited of a herrenhaus and a _________
Landtag
Karl Marx identified this class of workers, who would be the ones to overthrow the bourgeoise in a violent revolution.
proletariat
This Swiss author of 'The Social Contract', where he argues against the monarch's divine right to rule, heavily influenced the French Revolution.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
French for "without breeches", this group of working class urban workers were the driving force behind the French Revolution.
Sans culottes
A proponent of free-market capitalism, he wrote 'Wealth of Nations'
Adam Smith
After defeating Austria in the Seven Weeks War in 1866, Bismarck's Prussia created this German state.
North German Confederation
The impact of ________, which involved a decline in the working and living conditions for the proletariat, led to calls for a new "utopian" society.
Industrial change/Industrial Revolution/Industrialization
This author of 'Leviathan' believed that an absolute monarchy was best because humans were selfish creatures who would do anything to better their position?
Thomas Hobbes
This Parisian club that advocated for radical reform and harsh measures to bring about the change they desired, and took over power in France in 1792 initiating the September massacres were known as the:
Jacobins
One of the major causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain involved an increasing amount of this:
Consumer demand
These two largely German-speaking principalities, under the jurisdiction of the Danish monarch prior to 1863, were the subject of much controversy between Germans and Danes that justified Bismarck's invasion into Denmark
Schleswig and Holstein
This British utopian socialist, who made a fortune as a cotton manufacturer in Northern England, built a utopian society where workers were paid well, had an eight hour working day, education for their children, and provided with good, affordable housing.
Robert Owen