Outbreak Investigations
What is the first step in an outbreak investigation?
Verify the outbreak and confirm the diagnosis.
What is the most common type of HCAI in hospitalized patients?
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI).
What vaccine is required for all healthcare workers to prevent HBV transmission?
Hepatitis B vaccine (series of 3 doses).
What type of mask is required for airborne precautions?
N95 respirator or higher-level protection.
What is the primary mode of transmission for Candida auris?
Direct and indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment.
What type of study design is most commonly used in outbreak investigations?
A case-control study (compares infected vs. uninfected individuals).
What is the main risk factor for developing a Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI)?
Prolonged use of central venous catheters.
What vaccine is required annually for all healthcare personnel?
Influenza vaccine.
What is the correct sequence for removing PPE to prevent contamination?
1. Gloves → 2. Goggles/Face Shield → 3. Gown → 4. Mask/Respirator
What infection is known as the "nightmare bacteria" due to extreme antibiotic resistance?
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
What epidemiologic tool is used to visualize the timeline of an outbreak?
An epidemic curve (epi curve).
Which type of HAI is most commonly associated with ventilators?
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP).
What is the minimum time frame for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for measles in an unvaccinated person?
Within 72 hours of exposure.
When should a healthcare worker change gloves between tasks?
Between patients and when gloves are visibly soiled or contaminated.
What are the three main symptoms of Ebola virus disease?
Fever, hemorrhaging, and severe vomiting/diarrhea.
What does attack rate measure in an outbreak setting?
The percentage of exposed individuals who develop the disease.
What is the role of the NHSN (National Healthcare Safety Network) in tracking HAIs?
It collects and analyzes infection data from healthcare facilities.
Which vaccine prevents a common healthcare-associated respiratory infection in the elderly?
Pneumococcal vaccine (PPSV23 or PCV15/20).
What level of PPE is needed for Ebola virus care in a hospital?
Full-body coverage, including powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) or N95, double gloves, fluid-resistant gown, and shoe covers.
What type of room should a patient with active tuberculosis (TB) be placed in?
Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) with negative pressure.
What statistical test is used to determine if a specific exposure is associated with an outbreak?
Chi-square test or relative risk/odds ratio analysis.
What is the recommended hand hygiene compliance rate for healthcare workers to reduce HAIs?
At least 90% adherence to hand hygiene protocols.
What is the recommended vaccination schedule for healthcare workers exposed to varicella (chickenpox)?
2 doses of varicella vaccine (if not previously immune).
What is the maximum recommended wear time for an N95 respirator before replacement in routine care?
8 hours or sooner if soiled or breathing resistance increases.
What is the recommended quarantine period for someone exposed to a novel viral pathogen (e.g., COVID-19)?
Typically 10-14 days based on incubation period.