Literature, Theater & Photography
These were three important reflections of the shift to the depiction of visual (and other sensory) experience(s) in the early 19th century
What are melodrama, literary realism (Balzac), and the Diorama?
Joseph Plateau constructed the 1st apparatus for synthesis of motion. It presented successive phases of a simple motion on a disc, motion that was perceived as continuous
What is the Phénakistoscope?
He was interested in the graphic recording of motion related initially to circulation of the blood
Who is Étienne-Jules Marey?
He wanted to merge the idea of the phonograph with optical synthesis of motion
Who was Thomas Edison?
Edison's industrial production ambitions
What is to sell cameras (mass production), not movies?
The "inventor" of the Diorama
Who is Louis Daguerre?
The cylindrical variant of the Phénakistoscope was its mirrorless improvement
What is the Zoëtrope?
He used a succession of photographic cameras to record and analyze the motion of horses
Who was Edweard Muybridge?
W.K.L. Dickson realized Edison's idea, but it couldn't project
What is the Kinetoscope?
Unlike Edison's was heavy and bulky, the Lumière's was small and light: this is its technical description, not its name
What is a portable still camera?
He fixed a photographic image on a metal plate by means of heliography, a process requiring many hours of exposure
Who was Joseph Nicéphore Niepce?
Émile Reynaud combined the Phénakistoscope with the Zoëtrope to create a device that projected images on a screen
What is a Praxinoscope?
Marey improved on Muybridge by adapting this apparatus devised by the astronomer Pierre-Jules-César Janssen
What was a fusil photographique?
Because Edison didn't patent his apparatus in Europe, this man was the first to make and manufacture knock-offs
Who was Robert W. Paul (England)?
Antoine "Papa" Lumière first thought that the company would produce these things
What were films for the Kinetoscope?
He fixed a photographic image on a copper plate with an exposure time of 4-5 minutes
Who was Louis Daguerre?
It was the commercial name of Reynaud's projecting Praxinoscope, an apparatus that had a rotating drum with a feed and a take-up reel
What was the Théâtre Optique?
This was Marey's device that solved the problem of being limited to 12 images (using a continuous strip of Eastman Kodak roll film)
What was the Chronophotographe?
Louis Lumière based his model for a camera/projector on this 19th-century technology
What was the modern sewing machine?
Instead of publicizing the Cinématographe in terms of its potential for mass production, the Lumières promoted it as this
What is a "wonder of science"?
The Daguérrotype's images were not mechanically reproducible, but those of these inventors were
Who were Hippolyte Bayard and William Henry Fox Talbot (Calotype)?
It was the wax museum where Reynaud exhibited his Théâtre Optique along with magic shows, pantomimes, marionettes, and later, motion pictures
What was the Musée Grévin?
While Marey had the 1st movie camera, it could not register images in such a way as to give the illusion of motion. This non-photographic apparatus had already solved this problem
What was Émile Reynaud's Théâtre Optique?
This was the Lumière device for recording and projecting moving images
What was the cinématographe?
The unexpected potential that the Lumière's saw in their camera was neither mass production, nor film production
What is public exhibition?