Overview of The Cardiovascular System
What do veins do?
take blood back to the heart.
What is the role of the arteries
receive blood from the aorta and distributes oxygenated blood to the body.
Where is the AV node located?
Between the wall of the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Describe the role of the helper T-cell
Point to your carotid artery
sides of the neck around the trachea.
What is the role of the pulmonary vein?
Sends oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
What produces the depolarization that travels across the atria?
cells of the SA node
Describe the role of the plasma cell
produce antibodies
Where does the internal jugular vein send blood to?
Superior vena cava.
What is the role of the venules
takes blood to the veins.
What does the SA node stand for and what is the function?
sinoatrial node - the heart's pacemaker.
Describe the difference between the process of antibody mediated and cell mediated immunity.
Antibody mediated:
1. Antigens stimulate B-cells
2. B-cells become either memory B or plasma cells
3. Plasma cells produce antibodies to incapacitate pathogens.
Cell mediated:
1. Antigens stimulate Helper T-cells
2. Helper T-cell activates other T-cells to become memory T-cells or cytotoxic T cells.
3. Cytotoxic T-cells recognize pathogens and cancer cells and destroys them.
A 56-year-old patient arrives in the ER with severe swelling in the neck and face. Doctors suspect impaired return of deoxygenated blood from the head to the right atrium. Name the large vein whose blockage could cause these symptoms.
superior vena cava
An athlete experiences shortness of breath and fatigue. Testing reveals a problem with the route that sends oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium. Which circulation pathway is being compromised?
pulmonary circulation
A patient complains of dizziness and palpitations. An ECG reveals an abnormal delay in the electrical signal traveling from the atria to the ventricles, suggesting a potential block in the specialized region between the atria. Identify this conduction structure responsible for the delay.
atrioventricular (AV) node
A patient is exposed to a virus for the first time and quickly produces a robust immune response, suggesting they had pre-formed antibodies against this pathogen. Identify the branch of immunity responsible for circulating antibodies that can neutralize foreign invaders.
antibody-mediated immunity
A trauma patient suffers a penetrating chest injury that damages the vessel transporting oxygen-rich blood directly from the heart’s main pumping chamber to the body. Identify this major vessel that, if ruptured, can lead to life-threatening hemorrhage.
Aorta
A patient’s blood tests show low oxygen saturation in systemic arteries. Further imaging reveals a congenital defect allowing blood to bypass the lungs, mixing deoxygenated and oxygenated blood. Name the circulation system in which this shunt is creating the abnormal mixture.
systemic circulation
During a stress test, a patient’s heart rhythm becomes irregular, indicating that the final step of ventricular depolarization is not occurring in a coordinated fashion. Name the area in the conduction system where this breakdown in synchronized conduction is most likely happening.
Purkinje fibers
An individual with a history of organ transplantation develops signs of rejection, indicating that T cells are attacking the transplanted tissue. Name the type of immunity primarily responsible for destroying foreign cells in this scenario.
cell-mediated immunity