The aldosterone system
-The kidneys release ___ when blood pressure or blood volume is low.
-Renin converts angiotensinogen from the liver into ______.
ACE converts angiotensin I into _______, which narrows blood vessels.
-Angiotensin II triggers aldosterone release from the adrenal glands, making the kidneys retain _______and_________.
Sodium and water retention increases blood volume, raising _________.
-Renin
-angiotensin I
-angiotensin II
-sodium and water
-blood pressure
What is the prototype drug of a loop diuretic?
A ______ is a medication that makes the kidneys remove more salt and water to reduce fluid buildup and lower blood pressure.
What is one big adverse effect?
Furosemide
loop diuretic
HYPOkalemia
a sudden blockage of an artery that stops blood from reaching a part of the body. This can happen in the arms, legs, or organs. Because arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, the tissue beyond the blockage can quickly become starved of oxygen (ischemia), which can lead to tissue death (infarction) if not treated fast.
Acute arterial occlusion
What would CVI (Chronic venous insufficiency) look like?
-brown-discoloration (bc problems getting blood flow back to the heart)
-leathery skin
-wet skin
-edma
-varicose venin's(bulging blue/purple veins)
What is plaque buildup in the coronary artery that impairs blood flow to our heart?
Coronary Artery Disease
What are the adverse effects of vasodilators, nitroprusside?
Hypotension, cyanide poisoning
What is the prototype drug of potassium sparing drug?
A _______ diuretic is a medication that helps the kidneys remove water and sodium without losing potassium.
what is one adverse effect?
Spironlactone
potassium-sparing
HYPERkalemia
_____ is a blood clot that forms in a vein, often due to slow blood flow, vein injury, or increased clotting, and can cause pain, swelling, and redness.
venous thrombus
What phenomenon is usually triggered by cold or stress, causing pale, blue, then red fingers/toes, often with numbness or pain.
Raynauds phenonmenon
What does Coronary Artery Disease lead too?
What does Coronary Artery Disease usually come from?
-Myocardial infarction
-arrythmias
-angina
-conduction defects
-heart failure
COME FROM: Atherosclerosis
What is the Drug that act on vascular smooth muscle to allow for muscle relaxation=vasodilation/drop in BP
What is the Prototype drug for Vasodilators as antihypertensive?
-Vasodilators
-PROTOTYPE: Nitroprusside
What is the prototype drug for thiazide?
A _____ diuretic is a medication that helps the kidneys remove water and sodium, usually used to lower blood pressure and reduce swelling.
Hydrochlorothiazide
thiazide
_________ is when arteries in the legs or arms get narrowed or blocked, usually from atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow and can cause pain, cramping, or numbness, especially when walking.
**leg arteries get narrowed, not enough blood to the legs.
PAD (Peripheral Arterial Disease)
What is a weak spot in a blood vessel wall that bulges out, which can rupture and cause serious bleeding if it gets too big.
What causes a aneurysm?
aneurysm
Atherosclerosis
What is a group of conditions caused by sudden reduced blood flow to the heart?
What are these conditions ?
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
CONDITONS:
Unstable angina – chest pain at rest
NSTEMI – Non–ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
STEMI – ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
What is the prototype drug for Non dihydropyridine, a calcium channel blocker ?
What not to take with this drug??
Diltiazem (Cardizem)
-GRAPEFRUIT JUICE
What should you monitor when someone is on a beta adrenergic blocker?
Nonselective beta blockers or high dose selective 1 blocker can cause ____, and have cation with people with ___ and ____.
Monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG, orthostatic hypotension, and s/s of heart failure.
Bronchospasm, COPD, asthma
________ is when veins in the legs can’t properly return blood to the heart, causing blood to pool, which leads to swelling, pain, skin changes, or ulcers.
CVI (Chronic Venous Insufficiency)
The “supply” of oxygen to the heart depends on _________ and _________.
The “demand” for oxygen by the heart depends on _________, _________, _________, and _________.
Coronary blood flow, Oxygen content
Heart rate, Contractility, Preload, Afterload
What is the main treatment goal for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), and how is it achieved?
Goal: Balance oxygen supply and demand in the heart.
Decrease demand: beta-blockers (slow heart rate, reduce contractility)
Increase supply: nitrates, supplemental oxygen, anticoagulation, surgical intervention
What is the prototype drug for Renin inhibitors?
**This drug blocks the whole process of (affecting step one : Renin)
Aliskiren (tekurna)
When taking beta blockers caution in people who have ____ disease, because it can mask signs of Hypoglycemia.
Diabetics
**you can give to someone with diabetes but diabetes cause shaky, fast HR, and beta blockers mask that.
Wht would PAD (peripheral vascular disease) look like?
-Pale
-Dry, thin, hairless skin (bc no oxygen to the legs)
-Dry ulcers
-minimum edema or none
What is lack of blood flow to the tissues causing hypoxia?
What is complete loss of blood flow resulting in tissue death?
-Ischemia
-Infarction
What are the key reperfusion strategies used in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
**Reperfusion: restoring blood flow to the heart
Aspirin – prevent further clotting
Fibrinolytic therapy – dissolve existing clots
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) – open blocked arteries with stents
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) – bypass blocked arteries