Blood Vessels
The definition of a blood vessel and the 3 categories of blood vessels.
A tube for carrying blood;
arteries, veins, capillaries
The factor that denotes + / - blood
the Rhesus factor
The type of blood received by the left side vs. the right side of the heart.
Right: deoygenated
The factor that determines one's blood type.
Antigens
The condition in which blood does not clot properly.
Hemophelia
The structure and function of capillaries.
structure: walls are only one cell thick to serve function
function: the site of molecular exchange (gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc.)
The two subcategories of leukocytes and the function of each.
Lymphocytes: triggers immune response against invaders
Macrophages: chase and engulf pathogens through phagocytosis (cellular eating)
List and describe the function of the two sets of heart valves.
atrioventricular (tricupsid/bicuspid) valves: prevents back flow of blood from ventricles to atriums
semilunar (pulmonary/aortic) valves: prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary trunk / aorta to ventricles
The universal donor and universal recipient
UD: O-
UR: AB+
Two conditions related to blood pressure.
Hypotension: low blood pressure
Hypertension: high blood pressure
Veins and arteries: the direction they carry blood, smallest and largest
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Small arteries = arterioles
Largest artery = aorta
Veins carry blood towards the heart
Small veins = venules
Largest vein = vena cava
At least three ways blood maintains homeostasis in the body.
-Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones
-Circulates clotting factors to prevent blood loss
-Protects through the immune system
-Regulates temperature, pH, hormone, enzyme levels
Describe nervous and chemical control of the heartbeat.
Nervous: The biological pacemaker known as sinoatrial (SA) node produces impulses which cause atrai to contract. The impulses spread to the atrioventricular (AV) node. After a slight delay, impulses are passed to the bundle of His and then Purkinje fibers, which contract the ventricles.
Chemical: physical exertion causes higher demand for gas exchange. The pacemaker cannot keep up so the brain steps in. Receptors in blood vessels transmit to medulla oblangata that CO2 production is increasing. Medulla oblangata causes adrenaline to be released causing SA node to fire more rapidly. Upon exercise stopping, the medulla oblangata shuts off its control and the pacemaker is back in control.
List the antigens and antibodies someone with B+ blood has.
Antigens: B, Rh
Antibodies: A
Describe agglutination and give an example of when it would occur.
Agglutination is the clumping of blood cells when incompatible blood types mix. When a person receives foreign antigens, their antibodies trigger an immune response. For example, if A- blood was given to an individual with B- blood, agglutination would occur because type B- does not already have the A anitgen they are receiving.
Label the 4 structures on the "blood vessels" diagram.
A: valve
B: inner layer /endothelium / tunica interna
C: venule
D: capillaries
List all four components of blood (give all names) and the percentage of blood they comprise.
Red Blood Cells / Erythrocytes, 45%
White Blood Cells / Leukocytes, <1%
Plasma, 55%,
Platelets / Thrombocytes, <1%
Label the 4 structures on the heart diagram.
A: Sinoatrial node
B: Atrioventricular node
C: Left and Right bundle brunches (Bundle of His)
D: Purkinje fibers
All possible blood types that could receive blood from an individual with A- blood.
A+, A-, AB+, A-
Describe Rh disease and why it is problematic.
When a mother is Rh negative and becomes pregnant with an Rh positive baby. The babies Rh positive RBC's can cross through the placenta and enter the mothers blood, usually during labour, which is why it is usually not an issue until the second pregnancy. The mother's Rh antibodies see the babie's Rh antigens as foreign invaders. The mother's immune system builds up more antibodies, which can attack future Rh positive babies.
The five main differences between arteries and veins.
Veins:
-have valves
-have wider lumens
-have less muscle/elastic tissue
-carry de-oxygenated blood
-do not have a pulse
Arteries:
-do not have valves
-have narrower lumens
-have more muscle/elastic tissue
-carry oxygenated blood
-have a pulse
List all the key steps and factors in blood clotting.
-injury causes blood vessel to break, attracting platelets to site
-platelets combine with clotting agents to product thromboplastin
-thromboplastin + prothrombin, catalyzed by calcium produces thrombin
-thrombin + fibrinogen produces fibrin
-fibrin forms web-like mesh around injury, trapping blood cells and creating scab
The pathway of blood from when it enters the heart as deoxygenated to when it exits as oxygenated.
The genotypic and phenotypic results of crossing a heterozygous A with a heterozygous B.
Genotypes: AB, BO, AB, OO
Phenotypes: A, B, AB, O
Describe how a heart attack occurs.
Heart attacks occur when the heart muscles are deprived of oxygen. Plaque and fatty materials build up on the inner walls of arteries over time, a condition called atherosclerosis. Plaque can build up and rupture, causing a blood clot to form. If the artery becomes completely blocked, blood cannot pass through and cells are starved of oxygen and start to die. The most common symptom of a heart attack is chest pain.