A&P & Blood Flow
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Right side (right atrium → right ventricle)
What is the main cause of coronary artery disease?
Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup)
What causes most MIs?
Ruptured plaque → thrombus → complete artery blockage
Left-sided HF backs fluid into the ____.
Lungs
Why is hypertension called the “silent killer”?
Often asymptomatic until organ damage occurs
What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Stable angina occurs with what?
Exertion or stress; relieved by rest/nitro
What is the hallmark symptom of MI?
Severe chest pressure >20–30 minutes, not relieved by nitro
Right-sided HF causes which three signs?
Edema, JVD, ascites
Which diet helps reduce blood pressure?
DASH diet
Name the three major circulatory circuits.
Pulmonary, systemic, coronary
Which type of angina is a warning sign for MI?
Unstable angina
Which cardiac enzyme is most specific for MI?
Troponin I / T
Which lab marker increases in HF?
BNP
PAD pain that occurs with walking and stops at rest is called?
Intermittent claudication
What is cardiac output?
Heart rate × stroke volume
Name two modifiable CAD risk factors.
Smoking, HTN, diabetes, inactivity, high cholesterol
What does the “M” in MONA stand for?
Morphine
What breath sound is common in left-sided HF?
Crackles
What are the “6 Ps” a sign of?
Acute arterial occlusion
What is the normal ejection fraction (EF)?
≥ 55%
Which diagnostic test visualizes coronary blockages directly?
Coronary angiography (cardiac catheterization)
Name one major MI complication.
Dysrhythmias, HF, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest
What is the purpose of daily weights in CHF?
Monitor fluid retention
Which test compares ankle and arm BP for PAD?
Ankle–Brachial Index (ABI)