Immune Cells
True or False: The immune system learns how to fight various pathogens as we are exposed to them.
True
What is the lymphatic system?
It is a system of vessels that drains extra fluid and waste from the body.
What is the main function of the heart?
To pump blood throughout the body
What is the main purpose of vaccination?
To reduce the spread of disease and protect vulnerable individuals
What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Artery
What are proteins on the surface of cells (including pathogens) that an organism recognizes as self or not-self
Does the lymphatic system drain in one direction or both directions?
One direction, with one-way valves.
Where does the blood travel to receive oxygen?
Lungs
How is the skin a part of the first line of defense?
It forms a barrier that protects the body from microorganisms penetrating through.
Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the body towards the heart?
Vein
What are immune cells that “remember” pathogens so that they can jump into action more quickly the next time
Memory Cells
What pumps lymphatic vessels to ensure lymph flows back to the heart?
Muscles
What protein in red blood cells binds to oxygen?
Hemoglobin
Is stomach acid a part of the first line of defense or the second line of defense? What does it protect from?
First line of defense. The stomach acid protects from bacteria that may have been ingested.
Which blood vessel allows for the exchange of nutrients between blood and body cells?
The capillaries
What role do antibodies play in the immune system?
They attach to specific antigens on pathogens and mark them for destruction by the immune system.
What are some lymph nodes around the throat? Why do you think we need more lymph nodes around the throat?
Tonsils. To prevent infection and fight bacteria that may enter the mouth.
How many chambers does the heart have? Name them.
Four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
What is the second line of defense in our immune system? What are some symptoms that may be seen because of this response?
The second line of defense is the non-specific inflammatory response, which results in redness, swelling, and heat
What is the function of platelets?
To help blood clot
Why can the immune system recognize the same pathogen faster during a secondary immune response?
Memory cells quickly recognize the pathogen and stimulate the antibody production.
What are two functions of the spleen?
1. Fighting infection
2. Removing old and damaged blood cells from circulation.
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
Left side
What is the third line of defense in our immune system?
The third line of defense is the specific immune response in which T and B cells mount a targeted attack against the specific antigen on a pathogen, leaving memory cells behind that will remember that pathogen if we are ever exposed to it again.
What prevents blood from flowing backwards in the veins. Is blood in the veins dark red or light red?
The valves. Dark-red because it is oxygen-poor.