People
This championship tennis player from Richmond spoke out for social change and is the correct answer to question 1 on the assessment.
Who is Arthur R. Ashe, Jr.?
The 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared “separate but equal” public schools unconstitutional.
What is Brown v. Board of Education?
The state policy that closed some Virginia public schools to avoid integration.
What is Massive Resistance?
Newspaper headline: “Richmond Citizen Becomes First African American Woman to Establish a Bank and Become a Bank President in the United States.”
Who is Maggie L. Walker?
This earlier Supreme Court case established “separate but equal,” noted in the standards and unit as part of Reconstruction-era effects.
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
Peaceful gatherings such as sit‑ins and marches that pushed for civil rights and change.
What are peaceful protests?
This 16‑year‑old from Farmville led a student strike against school segregation in 1951.
Who is Barbara Johns?
After this decision, Virginia’s government created a policy to avoid integration resulting in schools closing.
What is theMassive Resistance?
The result of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education).
What is that public schools were ordered to desegregate?
He was Virginia’s NAACP lead attorney and played a major role in fighting segregation in court; he is the correct answer to several questions in the unit.
Who is Oliver W. Hill?
The legal actions and NAACP attorneys from Virginia helped lead to this type of court response that enforced desegregation across the nation.
What are federal court orders to desegregate public schools?
The combined effect of people like Maggie Walker, Robert Russa Moton, Barbara Johns, Samuel Wilbert Tucker, Oliver W. Hill, Irene Morgan, Arthur Ashe, A. Linwood Holton, and L. Douglas Wilder
What is the Civil Rights Movement in Virginia and its political, social, and economic effects?
He became the first African American elected governor in the United States (from Virginia).
Who is L. Douglas Wilder?
The Supreme Court later issued stronger enforcement directing all public schools to desegregate; match this to the headline "Supreme Court Orders All U.S. Public Schools to Desegregate."
What is the Supreme Court’s follow‑up enforcement of Brown v. Board of Education?
A 1954 student led strike against segregation
What is Barbara Johns strike?