Court Cases
This case ended racial segregation in public schools.
What is Brown v. Board
This amendment protects freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.
What is 1st Amendment
This First Amendment right allows people to meet peacefully and protest government actions.
What is Freedom of Assembly
This concept means the government must follow fair procedures.
What is due process
This 1965 law aimed to end racial discrimination in voting by banning literacy tests and allowing federal oversight of elections.
What is the Voting Rights Act
This case required police to inform suspects of their rights before questioning.
What is Miranda v. Arizona
This amendment guarantees due process and equal protection under the law.
What is 14th Amendment
Laws that favor one religion over another violate this clause.
What is the Establishment Clause
This constitutional right has been used by the Supreme Court to protect personal decisions such as marriage, contraception, and family life.
What is right to privacy
This policy attempts to address past discrimination by considering race or gender in areas like college admissions.
What is Affirmative Action
This case established the “clear and present danger” test for limiting speech.
What is Schenck v. US
This amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
What is 4th Amendment
This standard allows the government to limit speech that incites immediate violence.
What is "Clear and Present Danger"
This requirement generally allows police to search a person or property without a warrant.
This landmark 1964 law banned discrimination in public accommodations and employment.
What is the Civil Rights Act
This case ruled that school-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause.
What is Engel v. Vitale
This amendment protects against self-incrimination.
What is 5th Amendment
This clause protects individuals’ right to practice their religion freely.
What is Free Exercise Clause
This post-9/11 law expanded the federal government’s surveillance powers, raising civil liberties concerns.
What is the PATRIOT act
This proposed amendment would have explicitly guaranteed gender equality but was never ratified.
What is the Equal Rights Amendment
This case protected students’ right to free speech as long as it does not cause a substantial disruption.
What is Tinker v. Des Moines
This amendment affirms that all other rights not listed are retained by the people
What is the 9th Amendment
This type of speech is least protected by the First Amendment.
What is obscenity/libel
This doctrine applies most of the Bill of Rights to the states.
What is incorporation
This constitutional clause requires states to treat individuals equally under the law.
What is the Equal Protection Clause