Individuals
This civil rights leader and advocate for Black empowerment was also prominent in the Nation of Islam and referred to the March on Washington as a "farce."
Who was Malcolm X?
Led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. this group promoted non-violent protest and enacted multiple successful campaigns such as the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, toward the advancement of civil rights.
What is the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?
This landmark case overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson and declared separate unequal.
A form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.
What are sit-ins?
Differences in access to schools with adequate resources.
What is educational inequity?
This 14-year-old boy from Chicago was brutally murdered in Mississippi after whistling at a White woman. The images of his badly beaten face sparked nationwide support for the Black civil rights struggle.
Who was Emmett Till?
Founded in 1960, this grassroots organizing group was responsible for numerous sit-ins and "Freedom Summer."
What is the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)?
This piece of legislation outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin.
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
An act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organization, or country as an expression of protest.
What are boycotts?
The use of excessive force, usually physical, but potentially in the form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer.
What is police brutality?
This 6-year-old student was the first Black child to integrate a Whites-only school in the South after the landmark civil rights victory of Brown vs. Board of education.
Who was Ruby Bridges?
Best known for its advocacy for armed self-defense, this group also had many community improvement projects including free medical clinics and breakfast programs.
What is the Black Panther Party?
This landmark legislation has been ammended 5 times to expand its protections against racial discrimination in voting.
What is the Voting Rights Act of 1965
A type of protest or demonstration that generally involves a group of people walking from an assembly point to a predetermined destination, usually culminating in a political rally.
What are marches?
An umbrella term to include mass incarceration, wrongful convictions and excessive sentences.
A black activist, philosopher and educator who gained notoriety when tried and imprisoned. Was active in both the Communist and Black Panther parties.
Who is Angela Davis?
Founded in response to lynchings in 1909, this organization has advanced Civil Rights largely through legal action, winning landmark cases like Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia.
What is the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?
Issued in 1948 by President Truman, this led to the de-segragation of the armed forces.
What is Executive Order 9981?
The active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government.
What is civil disobedience?
Any legal or extralegal measure or strategy whose purpose or practical effect is to reduce voting, or registering to vote, by members of a targeted group.
What is voter supression?
The plaintiff in the landmark case v. Virginia that upheld the 14th Amendment by declaring it unlawful to ban interracial marriage.
Who was Mildred (and Richard) Loving?
When integrating an all-White school in Arkansas, this group of high school students was eventually supported in their endeavor by President Eisenhower federalizing the National Guard and sending U.S. Army troops to the scene.
Who is the Little Rock Nine?
The prohibition of discrimination on the part of direct providers of housing.
What is the Fair Housing Act
Operating within open carry laws to protect oneself and one's community against violence.
What is armed self-defense?
The right to a safe, healthy, productive, and sustainable environment for all, specifically marginalized communities who are disproportionately affected.
What is environmental justice?