Key Terms/Concepts
This term refers to the denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership and involves actual behaviors
Discrimination
This 1898 case established the "separate but equal" doctrine, allowing legal segregation in public life.
Plessy v. Ferguson
This 381-day protest began after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King Jr.'s philosophy of nonviolent civil disobedience was deeply influenced by this world leader.
Gandhi
President Eisenhower sent the 101st Airborne to this city in 1957 to protect nine students integrating Central High School
Little Rock, Arkansas
This is an oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a group of people
Stereotype
This 1954 Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, stating that "segregation has no place in schools."
Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas)
This organization, led by Martin Luther King Jr., was specifically formed to organize and lead the boycott in Montgomery.
What was the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
Before changing his name to "X" to represent his lost African heritage, this was Malcolm X's original last name.
This 1964 law is considered the most comprehensive civil rights legislation, prohibiting discrimination based on race, gender, or religion.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This type of segregation is imposed by law, such as the Jim Crow laws in the South.
De jure Segregation
In this 1950 case, the Supreme Court ruled that a separate law school for Black students in Texas was not equal to the University of Texas Law School, marking a major step toward ending segregation in higher education
Sweatt v. Painter
This student-led organization, often called SNCC, used sit-ins to desegregate lunch counters.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
This was the religious movement led by Elijah Muhammad that Malcolm X joined while in prison.
Nation of Islam (or Black Muslims)
This event in March 1965 saw marchers beaten by state police at the Edmund Pettus Bridge while protesting for voting rights
Bloody Sunday
This practice involves placing the blame for one's own troubles on an innocent individual or group to gain a sense of superiority.
Scapegoating
This 1967 landmark case involved a couple from Virginia and resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that all state laws banning interracial marriage were unconstitutional
Loving v. Virginia
These activists from the North and CORE rode interstate buses into the South to protest segregated waiting rooms and stations.
Freedom Riders
J. Edgar Hoover, head of this government agency, had a "very bad" relationship with King because he believed King was a communist.
FBI
This 1965 Act made poll taxes and literacy tests illegal, making it much easier for Black citizens to register to vote.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This historical ideology was created by ex-Confederates to justify their actions and the system of slavery before and during the Civil War.
Lost Cause
In this 1978 case involving a California medical school, the Supreme Court ruled that while affirmative action was constitutional, the use of specific racial quotas in admissions was not.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
This 1964 project brought 1,000 students to Mississippi to register black voters and establish "Freedom Schools."
Freedom Summer
After a pilgrimage to this holy city, Malcolm X modified his views on racial separation and cooperating with white people.
Mecca
This presidential commission studied the 1960s race riots and famously concluded that "our nation is moving toward two societies... separate and unequal."
Kerner Commission