NEW LAWS
the Supreme Court had ruled that such segregation was constitutional as long as the facilities for blacks and whites were “separate but equal.” (include the year)
What is Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Focus on legal cases to end segregation and gain legal equality
NAACP
form of protest during which participants sit and refuse to move
What is Sit-In
I HAVE A DREAM, LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL
Who is Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
tactic by which senators give long speeches to hold up legislative business
filibuster
Segregation that is imposed by law
What is "de jure segregation"
Advocated separation of the races (Elijah Muhammad/Malcolm X)
What is the Nation of Islam
1961 protest by activists who rode buses through southern states to test their compliance with laws banning segregation on interstate buses
What is “freedom ride”
He became counsel for the NAACP in 1938 and won 29 of the 32 major civil rights cases he argued over the next 23 years. 1st black Supreme Court Justice
Who is Thurgood Marshall
policy that gives special consideration to women and minorities to make up for past discrimination
affirmative action
The Supreme Court agreed with the NAACP’s argument that segregated public education violated the U.S. Constitution. (include the year)
What is Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Its goal was to create a grass-roots movement that involved all classes of African Americans in the struggle to defeat white racism and to obtain equality.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1,000 volunteers, mostly black and white students, were to flood Mississippi to register African Americans to vote.
What is Freedom Summer
He is best known for ordering the Arkansas National Guard to block nine African American students from entering Little Rock Central High School in 1957
Who is Orval Faubus
segregation by unwritten custom or tradition
de facto segregation
This law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration
What is the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Organized Peaceful Protests to gain Civil Rights (James Farmer)
What is Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
It banned the poll tax
What is the Twenty-fourth Amendment
He was an Air Force veteran who sought to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi, known as “Ole Miss.”
Who is James Meredith
movement in the 1960s that urged African Americans to use their collective political and economic power to gain equality
“black power”
This law Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment based on race, religion, or national origin
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Militant group advocating armed confrontation; organized antipoverty campaigns (Huey P. Newton/Bobby Seal)
Black Panther Party
took place on August 28, 1963. Organizers had hoped for 100,000 demonstrators. More than double that number showed up.
What is the March on Washington
"I say segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!"
Who is Governor George Wallace of Alabama
The withholding business or involvement as a form of protest. African Americans refused to use services
Boycott