Breaking the Union
Why did gaining land from Mexico make the slavery debate more difficult to avoid?
New territories reopened the slavery-expansion debate
Which Union advantage was most useful in a long war, and why?
Industry and railroads moved weapons, troops, and supplies.
How did Lincoln and the Radical Republicans disagree about Reconstruction?
Lenient reunion versus stronger federal protection.
What was the ruling on the 15th amendment?
prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
What did Black Codes and Jim Crow laws have in common?
Both restricted Black freedom and preserved white control.
Why did the Fugitive Slave Act anger many Northerners who were abolitionists?
It forced Northerners to help enforce slavery.
What were the two main parts of the Anaconda Plan?
Blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River.
Name the agency that provided aid after emancipation.
Freedmen's Bureau
Which amendment applies when a state denies equal legal protection?
14th Amendment: equal protection and due process.
Why did sharecropping often trap farmers in debt?
Credit systems create a constant state of debt
Why did the Kansas-Nebraska Act lead to violence
popular sovereignty led to violent competition- eventually Bleeding Kansas
Name 2 successful Union battles
Vicksburg, Gettysburg
Which Supreme Court decision declared African Americans were not citizens and that Congress had no power to ban slavery in federal territories
Dred Scott v. Sandford.
How did Southern states limit Black voting without directly mentioning race?
Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses.
How did Ku Klux Klan violence help opponents of Reconstruction?
Terror suppressed Black voting and Republican power.
Which two major national questions did the Dred Scott decision reopen?
Black citizenship and Congress's power to restrict slavery.
Give one effect of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Freedom of slaves to rebelling areas; made emancipation a war aim.
How did the South enforce Reconstruction and protect freedpeople?
How did the Reconstruction Amendments increase federal power over the states?
Rights became federally protected against state action.
What rule did Plessy v. Ferguson establish, and what system did it protect?
“Separate but equal”; protected Jim Crow segregation.
Why did the election of 1860 become a conflict between state and federal power?
State secession versus federal authority.
What constitutional conflict is shown by Lincoln suspending habeas corpus?
Civil liberties versus wartime executive power.
The House impeached Andre Johnson, the Senate tried and acquitted him. What does this show?
Checks and balances
Why can Reconstruction be called a constitutional success but a practical failure?
New constitutional rights, but weak enforcement and resistance.
How did the Compromise of 1877 weaken the gains of Reconstruction?
Federal troops withdrew, ending effective enforcement.