War Heroes & Leaders
Jefferson Davis
US senator, Mexican War hero, former secretary of war, inaugurated as Confederate president (pg. 310)
Frederick Douglass
Leading black abolitionist, speaker, escaped slavery in 1838, published The North Star (pg. 297)
Abraham Lincoln
US president in 1861-65, lawyer, agreed “all men are created equal”, hometown in Illinois (pg. 308-309)
Underground Railroad
Network of people who aided runaway slaves, "conductors" hid escaping slaves by night
Reconstruction
Period from the end of the Civil War to 1877
Ulysses S. Grant
One of the most well-known Union Generals, nicknamed US Grant and Unconditional Surrender Grant, war hero, left and rejoined army, many victories, “no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender”
Dred Scott
elderly black man, slave to army doctor John Emerson, Dred Scott VS Sandford trial
Andrew Johnson
Running mate of Abraham Lincoln, former senator, Democrat from Tennessee (pg. 339)
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Took the power of settling fugitive-slave cases from state courts and gave it to US court commissioners, stated alleged fugitives weren't entitled to a trial by jury nor could they testify in their own behalf, A statement by a slave owner was all that was required for a slave to be returned, A US commissioner was paid $10 if he ruled in favor of the alleged owner of the accused, the commissioner was paid $5 if he ruled that the alleged fugitive was wrongly accused, the higher payment was supposedly because ruling against an alleged fugitive required more paperwork, but opponents of slavery argued that the higher payment was really a bribe to influence the decision of officials, stated that everyone convicted of helping a fugitive slave was subject to a fine of $1000, imprisonment for six months, or both
Secession
the act of leaving the Union
Robert E. Lee
Commander of Army of North Virginia, replacement of Johnston when wounded, Confederate General, attacked 6 different places and drove Union army back
Harriet Tubman
Escaped slavery in 1849, returned to help others escape nearly 20 times, nicknamed “Moses”, helped nearly 300 slaves escape
John Wilkes Booth
actor & Confederate sympathizer, entered Lincoln’s private box in theatre, shot Lincoln in head, died in barn, Lincoln’s assassin
Freedmen's Bureau
Short-term agency whose primary purpose was to assist former slaves during Reconstruction
Amendments
13th Amendment - Abolished slavery
14th Amendment - Granted full citizenship to black Americans
15th Amendment - kept states from denying the right to vote any citizen "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
Clara Barton
One of the most famous American nurses, began as schoolteacher, known as “angel of the battlefield”, began government department to look for missing troops after war, spoke supporting women’s voting rights (suffrage), worked with International Red Cross, established & served as president of American Red Cross, provided aid to victims of peacetime emergencies, hero
Harriet Beecher Stowe
NOT a slave, author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, inspired by losing son, thinking that is how slave mothers feel when losing a child to slavery, wrote A Guide to Uncle Tom’s Cabin for people to better understand the book
Ku Klux Klan
Secret organization formed by some former Confederate soldiers in 1866 to place blacks firmly under white control through intimidation and violence
Black codes
Restrictive laws passed in southern states that placed African Americans under white people
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Ordered the army to ensure that the South followed these laws Congress enacted: (1 divided the South into 5 military districts, (2 blacks had to be included with whites in state conventions, (3 new state constitutions had to guarantee that adult black males could vote, (4 Congress had to approve new state constitutions, (5 states had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, drew public attention to the plight of slave families and runaway slaves
Confederate States of America
Government organized by states that seceded from the Union
Freedmen
former slaves
Wade-Davis Bill
Congressional plan for Reconstruction requiring more than 50% of white male citizens to take an oath of allegiance to the union before a state would be allowed to reenter, plan requiring states to abandon slavery and any claims on the federal government to repay war debts, states had to agree that former confederate military and political leaders would not be allowed to vote or hold office