lineup
what is a lineup
a police identification procedure by which the suspect in a
crime is exhibited, along with others with similar physical
characteristics, before the victim or witness to determine if he can be
identified as having committed the offense
what is a showup
one-to-one confrontation between a suspect and
a witness to crime
what is DNA testing
This type of scientific evidence compares genetic material from a suspect with material found at the crime scene.
what is a photographic identification
This type of identification involves showing a victim or witness pictures of possible suspects.
what is eyewitness identification
This type of identification has become less reliable in recent years, contributing to many wrongful convictions.
what is not required
Miranda rights
what is a showup
Unlike a lineup, this type of identification often happens when a lineup would be impractical or impossible
what is CODIS
This national database allows law enforcement across the country to upload and compare DNA profiles.
what is the right to counsel
During photographic identifications, this constitutional right does not apply because no in-person procedure occurs.
what is mistaken eyewitness identification
Roughly 75% of DNA exoneration cases involve this major error made by victims or witnesses.
what is United states v. Wade
A right to counsel exists after the accused has been formally charged
with an offense
what is the right against self-incrimination
During a showup, this constitutional protection does not apply because the suspect is not being compelled to speak.
what is the innocence project
This organization is known for using DNA evidence to overturn wrongful convictions, contributing to over 289 exonerations.
what is the right to due process
This constitutional protection requires that photographic identifications cannot be overly suggestive.
what are the standards and guidelines for identification procedures
One reason eyewitness identification remains inconsistent is that these vary widely across different states.
what is Kirby v Illinois
A suspect in a lineup has no right to a lawyer if he has not been
formally charged with an offense
what is prior description
One of the five factors courts consider in evaluating the fairness of a showup is the accuracy of this given by the witness before identifying the suspect.
what is a polygraph
These test results are usually inadmissible in court because they fail to meet the Frye doctrine unless both parties agree.
what is the protection against unreasonable search and seizure
This constitutional principle is not triggered by photographic identifications because nothing is physically taken or examined.
Although these federal recommendations aim to improve the accuracy of lineups and showups, law enforcement agencies are not required to adopt them.
what is an interested observer
If a lawyer is present, their function is
what is the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness
This specific factor courts examine evaluates how confident the witness appeared when identifying the suspect during a showup.
what is brain fingerprinting
This advanced technique analyzes the brain’s electrical responses to determine whether a suspect possesses specific knowledge about a crime or an alibi.
what is the right against self-incrimination
This protection does not apply in photographic identifications because the suspect does not provide any testimonial evidence.
what are the Department of Justice's voluntary identification guidelines
These recommended procedures for improving lineups and eyewitness identifications are optional for police departments because they have not been passed into law.