WARRANTS & PROBABLE CAUSE
One reason a police officer should obtain a warrant prior to an arrest.
the evidence is clear to be admitted in court?
This Supreme Court case created a two-prong test for informant reliability.
Aguilar v. Texas
Compared with probable cause, reasonable suspicion requires this.
a lower degree of certainty
Which type of court reviews and may reverse a lower court’s finding of probable cause?
an appellate court
Which of the following is NOT a valid method for establishing probable cause, informant info, corroboration, officer knowledge, or an officer’s gut instinct?
an officer’s gut instinct
The U.S. Supreme Court says probable cause falls between these two levels of certainty.
suspicion and certainty
One way an officer can supplement weak information when establishing probable cause.
corroborative investigation
The lowest level of proof sufficient to begin a legal proceeding.
suspicion
What does it mean when a warrantless arrest is reviewed de novo on appeal?
that the appellate court reviews the legitimacy of probable cause during the appeal
If probable cause is established after an illegal search and seizure, the evidence seized must be handled this way.
it cannot be used in court
This level of proof is needed for a police officer to stop and search a suspect.
reasonable suspicion
What factor is reviewed when determining whether information from an informant is trustworthy?
reliability of the informant
In Michigan v. Summers, the Court said every arrest and seizure must be supported by this.
probable cause
This test measures whether factors together establish reasonable suspicion or probable cause.
the totality of the circumstances
Which case stated officers don’t need offenses to be closely related when establishing probable cause for arrest?
Devenpeck v. Alford?
This constitutional amendment provides the foundation for requiring probable cause in police work.
Fourth Amendment
Under what circumstance must an officer reveal an informant’s identity to a magistrate
when the identity is material to guilt or innocence
This phrase refers to the standard for what a reasonable officer must believe when finding probable cause.
a man of reasonable caution?
Which court decides whether probable cause or reasonable suspicion existed after a motion to suppress is filed?
trial court
This case held that any passenger in a small car may be arrested if the officer reasonably infers joint knowledge of drugs.
Maryland v. Pringle?
This case established the legal definition of probable cause.
Brinegar v. United States (1949)
Which case established the “totality of the circumstances” test?
Illinois v. Gates (1983)
Which factor is a chief concern in determining probable cause for searches and seizures?
whether items to be seized can be found in the place to be searched
Which of the following details cannot be used to establish probable cause: silence, fleeing, marijuana odor, or matching a suspect description?
refusing to talk when questioned
Which case said a low reliability tip can still establish reasonable suspicion when corroborated?
Alabama v. White?