Concept Foundations
What is the standard which states that criminal activity MIGHT be happening?
What is reasonable suspicion?
What case held that police can stop a suspect for a reasonable amount of time based on an informants tip?
What is Alabama v. White?
What is the level of proof necessary for a Terry stop?
What is reasonable suspicion?
What case determined the initial standards for assessing standards of tips and informant credibility?
What is Spinelli v. US?
What standard of proof is necessary for arrest?
What is the standard that states that criminal activity is more likely than not happening or has been committed by a specific person? (51% certainty)
What is probable cause?
What case said that cops can detain someone inside or leaving a residence that is to be searched even if the individual is not named in the search warrant?
What is Michigan v. Summers?
What doctrine allows for a search without a warrant if there is clearly contraband in sight of the officer?
What is plain view?
Building on Spinelli v. US, what test was developed as a "two-pronged" test of an informants reliability?
What is the Aguilar-Spinelli test?
What type of search can often be reliant solely on smell or plain view, pursuant to a stop?
What is a vehicle search?
This is the burden required by the prosecution to secure a criminal conviction.
What is "beyond a reasonable doubt"?
For what reason in Michigan V. Summers can the police detain someone in the area of a search?
What is "risk of flight"?
What is required to allow for the tracking of information that would not be readily accessible to the public?
What is a warrant?
What court case involved a tip being corroborated by officer building sufficient evidence for a stop?
What is Alabama v. White?
What amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizure?
What is the 4th amendment?
What is the standard stating that "_________ would interpret the facts known at the time a certain way"
What is "A man of reasonable caution"?
What case upped the standard for the use of informants in generating probable cause?
What is Spinelli v. US?
What police department got in trouble for abusing the Terry stop by failing to cite reasonable suspicion?
What is the NYPD?
When an informant has proven themselves to be consistent and trustworthy, what have they developed?
What is "Proven reliability"?
What is the standard of proof below reasonable suspicion?
What is a "mere hunch"?
Chapter 3 focuses primarily on what amendment to the constitution?
What is the 4th amendment?
According to lectures in class, what statement could be made about someones guilt if they were arrested with probable cause?
What is more likely than not?
In emergency situations, what bypasses the need for probable cause and the procurement of a warrant?
What is exigent circumstances?
By what process would, in court, and officer need to explain the legitimacy of the utilization of an informants tip?
What is articulation of the facts?
What replaced the Spinelli-Aguilar test?
What is the totality of the circumstances?