Anomie Theory
Merton's anomie theory builds primarily on the work of this scholar
Durkheim
Negative events, or strains, are proposed to lead to crime because they cause this
Negative emotions
The name of the main theorists of social disorganization theory
Shaw & McKay
The initial cause for crime, according to most subcultural theories
In Merton's typology, this category is described as the one most likely to result in crime
Innovation
The main theory or theorist that general strain theory builds on
In concentric zone theory, a precursor to social disorganization theory, the zone with the highest crime
Zone 2 (interstitial zone)
Trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, and autonomy make up this concept that Miller (1958) applied to working class boys
Focal concerns
In Merton's typology, the category where individuals reject mainstream goals but still use legitimate means to achieve them
Ritualism
A criticism of general strain theory argues that it is difficult to distinguish between emotional states and this
(Emotional) traits
In developing social disorganization theory, Shaw & McKay (1942) found the physical status, population characteristics, and this neighborhood factor to be related to delinquency rates
Economic status (poorer neighborhoods)
Subcultural theories were criticized as having potential issues with measurement, conceptual, and this
Risk of race and class bias
A criticism with respect to crime prevention policies based on anomie theory
Sources of strain include goal failure, the removal of positively-valued stimuli, and this
Addition of negatively-valued stimuli
This term is defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene
Collective efficacy
Anderson (1999) describes this as the heart of the code in his book, the code of the streets
Respect
In extending anomie theory, Murphy and Robinson (2008) create this category, described as individuals who use both legitimate and illegitimate means to achieve goals
Maximizer
In extending his theory, Agnew argued that individuals who possessed these traits were more likely to cope with stress by engaging in crime
Low self-control and high negative emotionality
The term is used by Park (1920s) to describe neighborhoods as a living entity, having their own unique characteristics
Superorganism
These two scholars influenced the micro (cultural) component of most subcultural theories of crime
Mead and Sutherland