“Who Did It? … Maybe!”
A witness evaluates a lone individual shortly after an incident.
What is a showup?
A molecule that stores an individual’s unique genetic code.
What is DNA?
This doctrine prevents improperly obtained evidence from being used in court.
What is the exclusionary rule?
A form of legal protection that fully shields judges and prosecutors.
What is absolute immunity?
A judicial determination required shortly after arrest to justify further detention.
What is a probable cause hearing?
A sentencing structure in which judges must impose a fixed prison term.
What is determinate sentencing?
The extra people included to keep an identification procedure fair.
What are fillers, foils, or distractors?
This is a test that measures an individual’s physiological responses to questions asked to determine if they’re being truthful.
What is a polygraph?
Evidence indirectly discovered through improper government action.
What is fruit of the poisonous tree?
Federal law enforcement officers who violate constitutional rights may be sued in federal courts via this type of action.
What is a Bivens action?
The main reason for requiring financial conditions, like bail, prior to a criminal trial.
What is ensuring the defendant appears in court?
Imposes punishment based on just deserts; offenders should receive the punishment they deserve based on the seriousness of their criminal acts.
What is retribution?
A process where individuals are viewed one at a time to reduce comparison errors.
What is a sequential presentation?
This is a defining case; the Supreme Court adopted a “totality of circumstances” test for the admission of identifications under due process.
What is Mason v. Brathwaite?
The landmark case that first barred the admission of illicit evidence in federal trials.
What is Weeks v. United States?
This division of the police department investigates improper conduct by police employees.
What is internal affairs?
The stage where a defendant hears the charges and formally responds.
What is an arraignment?
The specialized judicial body that evaluates national-security surveillance requests.
What is the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC)?
This constitutional safeguard becomes relevant once formal charges have been issued and police conduct identification procedures.
What is the Sixth Amendment right to counsel?
This test asks a judge to study the research and views of experts and reach their own conclusion on whether the scientific technique is reliable.
What is a Daubert test?
The case that applied the federal exclusionary rule to every state.
What is Mapp v. Ohio?
This is a court order that directs an individual or government to stop an unlawful activity.
What is an injunction?
A group of citizens who decide whether formal charges should be issued.
What is a grand jury?
The primary constitutional provision that regulates the imposition of capital punishment and prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.
What is the 8th amendment?
When neither the administrator of the identification process nor the eyewitness knows which individual in the lineup is the suspect.
What is a "double-blind?"
An electronic database that integrates DNA profiles contained in criminal offender databases of the fifty states and federal government.
What is CODIS?
A defendant must have this in order to challenge the introduction of evidence at trial.
What is "standing?"
The federal statute used to sue state and local officials for constitutional violations.
What is Section 1983
This constitutional protection bars the government from multiple prosecutions or punishments for the same conduct.
What is the Double Jeopardy Clause?
A warrant that allows law enforcement to delay notifying the affected person about a government entry.
What is a sneak-and-peek warrant?