General Science
What is the process by which plants make food using sunlight?
Photosynthesis
What is the largest bone in the human body?
Femur
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
What is the most common site of clavicle fracture?
Middle third of the clavicle
What is the largest part of the human brain?
Cerebrum
What is H₂O more commonly known as?
Water
Which artery is the main blood supply of the brain?
Internal carotid arteries (and vertebral arteries forming Circle of Willis)
What molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell?
ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)
What test is commonly used to assess for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear?
Lachman test (or Anterior Drawer test)
What neurotransmitter is primarily deficient in Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine
What subatomic particle determines the atomic number of an element?
Proton
Name the rotator cuff muscle responsible for initiating shoulder abduction.
Supraspinatus
This organ produces hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
Pancreas
What is the most common site of fracture in the radius?
Distal radius (Colles’ fracture)
Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory in the central nervous system?
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
This gas makes up about 78% of Earth’s atmosphere, making it the most abundant.
Nitrogen
Nerve Supply and Nerve Root of Gluteus Medius
Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4-S1)
This phase of the action potential happens when potassium (K⁺) ions leave the neuron, bringing the membrane potential back toward negative.
Repolarization
Which test is used to assess meniscal injury in the knee?
McMurray’s test / Apley’s Test
This region of the dominant hemisphere, located in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, is the primary center for language comprehension.
Wernicke’s area
This molecule carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. Provide the full name of this molecule.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Origin, Insertion, Nerve Supply, and Action of Serratus Anterior
Origin: Upper eight ribs,
Insertion: Medial border and inferior angle of scapula
Nerve Supply: Long Thoracic Nerve
Action: Draws forward anterior of the thoracic wall; rotates scapula.
This period of an action potential prevents another action potential from starting immediately, ensuring signals only move forward along the neuron.
Refractory Period
This is the most commonly used surgical approach for total hip arthroplasty, providing excellent exposure of the joint but with a higher risk dislocation.
Posterior (Moore or Southern) approach
Differentiate between upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion signs.
UMN → spasticity, hyperreflexia, Babinski sign; LMN → flaccidity, hyporeflexia, atrophy, fasciculations.