Classical Conditioning
This Russian scientist is known for conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
This psychologist is known for studying operant conditioning using an experiment with a mouse in a box.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
This type of learning happens when a stimulus automatically triggers a response after repeated pairing.
What is classical conditioning?
In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell became this type of stimulus after being paired with food.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior is known as this type of reinforcement.
What is positive reinforcement?
In this type of learning, behavior is influenced by its consequences.
What is operant conditioning?
When a dog salivates to a tone that is similar, but not identical, to the original bell, it’s showing this.
What is stimulus generalization?
When a behavior leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (like turning off a loud alarm), it’s an example of this.
What is negative reinforcement?
A student starts feeling anxious whenever the teacher says “pop quiz.” Later, they study more often to avoid that anxiety. The student studying more is an example of which conditioning?
What is operant conditioning (positive punishment)?
When the conditioned response decreases after the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, this process is occurring.
What is extinction?
Removing something pleasant to decrease a behavior (like taking away a phone for bad grades) is an example of this.
A dog learns to drool when it hears the can opener (because it predicts food) and also learns to sit to earn a treat. The drooling is an example of ___, and sitting is an example of ___.
What is classical conditioning; operant conditioning?
This is why, for example, we are quicker to associate a spider with danger than a dandelion.
What is preparedness?
When reinforcement is given only after an unpredictable number of responses, this schedule—common in gambling—is being used.
What is a variable ratio schedule?
A child touches a hot stove and gets burned (decreasing the behavior). Later, the child feels fear just seeing the stove glow red. The child learning to not touch the hot stove after getting burned is an example of which operant conditioning consequence?
What is positive punishment?