Marx
List and briefly describe Marx's 4 types of Alienation
1 From yourself
2 From your process of work
3 From the product of work
4 From others
Durkheim argued that this condition of normlessness can occur during rapid social change, leading to higher rates of deviance and even suicide.
What is anomie?
Weber described this concept as the rationalization of economic life where efficiency, calculation, and control dominate.
What is the “iron cage” of rationality?
In his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois argued that this “problem” was the central issue of the 20th century.
What is the problem of the color line?
This sociological perspective sees society as a competition for limited resources where power and inequality dominate.
What is the conflict perspective?
What are the two economic classes identified by Mark
the owners of the means of production (bourgeoisie)
The workers (proletariat)
This concept describes the shared values, beliefs, and norms that bind people together and give society cohesion.
What is the collective conscience?
This form of social action is driven by emotional states, such as love, anger, or revenge.
What is affective social action?
Du Bois was a co-founder of this influential civil rights organization in 1909 that aimed to fight racial inequality through activism, litigation, and public awareness.
What is the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)?
Conflict theory claims that this institution often reflects and reproduces inequality by favoring dominant cultural values.
What is education?
What did Marx say about cultural forms that were not the economy? And what was the term he used to describe those other forms?
That they were just instruments of the capitalism economic system
The superstructure
Durkheim believed religion was important not because of the supernatural, but because it created this—rituals and beliefs that reinforce group solidarity and shared moral order.
What is social integration?
Weber argued that the rise of capitalism was linked not only to economic forces but also to religious values found in this Protestant denomination.
What is Calvinism (and the Protestant ethic)?
Du Bois challenged mainstream sociology by insisting that this factor, not just class, was central to inequality and deserved rigorous sociological study.
What is race?
This major social institution is analyzed by conflict theorists as a way to control people through laws that often serve the interests of the powerful.
What is the legal or criminal justice system?
According to Marx, this was the opiate of the masses
What is religion
Durkheim’s major theoretical perspective emphasized how institutions and social facts contribute to stability and order in society.
What is structural functionalism?
This type of authority, according to Weber, rests on tradition and the sanctity of age-old rules.
What is traditional authority?
Beyond sociology, Du Bois was also a historian, novelist, and activist who spent his later years in Ghana. His wide-ranging work emphasized that racial inequality was not just personal prejudice but tied to these larger structures.
What are social, economic, and political structures?
Conflict theorists argue that this type of inequality goes beyond economics to include race, gender, and ethnicity.
What is social inequality?
what was the term Marx used to describe the conditions in various historical periods that brought about economic systems
Historical Materialism
Examples of the Continuing influence of Durkheim's notion of social integration
Midnight basketball programs
after school activities
fellowship programs at HPU
Weber distinguished between power and this concept, which refers to power regarded as legitimate by those subject to it.
What is authority?
In his groundbreaking 1899 work The Philadelphia Negro, Du Bois pioneered this type of research in sociology.
What is empirical, data-driven social research (urban ethnography and statistics)?
The origins of the term Conflict Perspective in sociology
What are textbook publishers