People
*major advisor to Darius and Xerxes during Persian Wars
*convinced Xerxes to invade Greece
*convinced Xerxes to leave him with troops for land invasion of Attica
*both disastrous for Persians and Xerxes
Who is Mardonius?
battle between Spartan 300 (and Thespians and Thebans) against Persians during second invasion of Greece, Spartans vastly outnumbered but made use of confined space
what is the Battle of Thermopylae?
ID: military revolution focusing on heavily armed infantry that started in the Near East and spread west into Greece (not a uniquely Greek phenomenon)
What is hoplite warfare?
ID: nominally neutral oracle of Apollo from whom private and civic individuals could consult in matters of war, private endeavors, etc.
significance: oracles given were often ambiguous and often misinterpreted, for example, Croesus
What is the Delphic Oracle?
Spartan king who held the pass at the Battle of Thermopylae until betrayed and all killed, demonstration of merits of hoplite style of warfare in which soldiers have strong bonds with each other
Who is Leonidas?
*king of Sparta involved in expulsion of tyrants from Athens
*refused to aid Aristagoras and the Ionian revolt
Who is Cleomenes of Sparta?
*last defensive battle of Persian Wars
*Mardonius and Persians vs Lakedaemonians, Tegeans, and Athenians
*Greek coalition win because of Greek superiority in military technology
significance:
*ended defensive stage of Persian Wars
*danger of not having resources support during invasion/campaign
*difference in military force makeup
Persians: cavalry, missile, light armed infantry
Greeks: heavily armed infantry
What is the Battle of Plataea?
rivalries b/t two states/powers can be caused by: spatial, ideological, positional reasons and big shock to system (rise of new power, new technology)
What is the origin of a strategic rivalry?
ID: founder of Achaemenid dynasty in Persian empire, defeated Lydia + Croesus
*empire largely reproduces empire of Assurbanipal with new personnel and greater stress on diplomacy
*coopted by Darius to reinforce his (Darius’) authority
Who is Cyrus?
*last king of Lydia
*first non-Greek to subordinate Greeks (living in Ionia)
*misunderstood oracle from Delphi and lost to Persians thinking he would win
Who is Croesus?
Athenian general at Battle of Marathon who convinces War Archon to break vote in favor of engaging Persian forces
Who is Miltiades?
naval battle between Greek contingent and Persians during second invasion of Greece, Persians tricked into engaging and lost because could not make use of numeric superiority due to confined space
What is the Battle of Salamis?
*change in tactics
*change in state organization
*impact beyond immediate region
*radical changes int tactics and use of technology
What are the four components of military revolution?
*war/conflict in which one group outmatched in resources, technology, etc.
*more dangerous for the “stronger” power because high casualties can lead to social/political unrest and result in major political change
What is assymetric warfare?
Athenian politician and general responsible for convincing Athenians to invest in their navy (interpretation of wooden walls oracle); tricked Persians into attacking at the Battle of Salamis
Who is Themistocles?
Athenian tyrant, founder of Pisistratid dynasty, repeated expulsion and return drove political enemies to seek aid from Sparta
Who is Pisistratus?
revolt of Greek colonies against Persian rule (Artaphrenes governor of region), Athenian involvement and subsequent sack of Sardis would serve as important pretext for Darius’ invasion of Greece
What is the Ionian Revolt?
battlefield change + same basic social organization maintained
usually sudden developments on one side that are matched by other side
group of these can cause military revolution
What is Revolution in Military Affairs (contrast to Military Revolution)?
ID: *capital of Lydia
significance:
*destroyed by Greeks (particularly Athenians) during Ionian Revolt
*this destruction would be a significant pretext for Persian invasion of Greece
What is Sardis?
acting tyrant of Miletus who, after failed invasion of Naxos, expels tyrants in Ionia starting the Ionian revolt (against Artaphrenes); went to Sparta and Athens for help, was successful convincing Athenian assembly but not Spartan king
Who is Aristagoras?
Spartan general at Battle of Plataea
waited for favorable omens to attack Persians
Who is Pausanias of Sparta?
pick another
pick another
the gap between planned actions and unpredictable reality of implementation
from Clausewitz as way to explain why things don’t always go as planned
what is the Concept of Friction in International Relations?
rivalries between two powers follows this pattern: one power wins and does not feel need to innovate/change tactics, loser becomes more belligerent
expensive and costly to maintain but more difficult and more expensive to end
what are Finance and Strategic Rivalries?
ID: Athenian politician and Alcmaeonid responsible for political reforms that reorganized the Athenian citizenry based on tribal structure
significance: this reorganization impacted military organization, meaning hoplites now fought with people they knew thus promoting group cohesion
Who is Cleisthenes?