Hepatic
What are the induction enzymes?
ALP
GGT
What is a classic pattern for cats with primary hepatic lipidosis????
*good to know*****
increased ALP but GGT normal or mildly elevated
(with pancreatitis it would be increased-secondary--cancer or other process causing elevation of ALP)
What do beta cells of the pancreas produce?
What do the alpha cells produce?
insulin
glucagon
What relies on muscle mass so you should always consider BCS?
creatinine
What urine crystals are seen with PSS?
ammonia biurate
What tests evaluate hepatic function?
bile acids
ammonia
What is considered a marker for passive transfer (therefore important if determining FPT) since nursing animals have elevated serum of it?
GGT
What test should be used to diagnose EPI?
TLI
What is azotemia?
increase in BUN and creatinine
Rank the crystal casts (better to real bad)
Hyaline
Granular
Waxy (bad, chronic tubular damage) ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT
What are the leakage enzymes?
What do they detect?
Are they specific for cholestasis?
ALT & AST
if hepatocytes ruptured/leaking
not particularly, that is GGT & ALP which are induction enzymes
What is used as a substitute for ALT and good for large animals that do not have good levels of ALT to be useful for chem panels?
What is it an indication of if it rises within 12-24 hours?
Sorbitol dehydrogenase
acute hepatic insult
What test should be used to diagnose pancreatitis?
CPL
in house snap doesnt give exact #
What are causes of azotemia?
kidney not being perfused, decreased GFR--super dehydrated (concentrated urine)
What crystal is seen with ethylene glycol?
What are the canine and feline thresholds for glucose?
calcium oxalate monohydrate
cats- 280-290mg/dL
dogs-180-220mg/dL
What is weird about cats and ALP?
their hepatocytes are not great at producing ALP (not very sensitive but very specific)
so if an adult cat has an increase, you have a problem!! it is always significant
What test is useless if you already have an increase in bilirubin?
What are the two possible causes for hypocholesterolemia ?
bile acids- it will be increased so waste of money to run it
chronic liver disease of portosystemic shunt
Where is folate absorbed?
Where is cobalamin absorbed?
proximal small intestine
distal small intestine (requires intrinsic factor)
What should you also test for when interpreting BUN and creatinine?
What percent of creatinine is excreted via the kidneys?
What does dehydration do to the BUN and creatinine?
USG
100%
INCREASE (BUN increases first typically)
What is the gold standard if you are worried about urine proteinuria (i.e. what test should you run/look at)
What do waxy casts look like?
UPC !!!
sharp edges (they are real bad- chronic tubular damage)
What breeds are prone to copper-associated hepatopathy? (causing increase in ALT and AST)
What are the half lives for ALP in cats&dogs ???
bedlington terriers, dalmation, doberman pinscher, labs---- heavy metal damage to the liver=ALT&AST elevation (he stressed this so yeah)
dogs-66hours, cats-6 hours
What does tying up cause an increase of?
What is an example of a cardiac biomarker?
CK
BNP (could pick up early on process of heart failure)
What pattern is seen with EPI regarding cobalamin and folate?
decreased cobalamin
increased folate
What is the USG range for isosthenuria?
What is the difference between glomerular and tubular disease?
1.008-1.012
glomerular- proteinemia, urea freely filtered across glomerulus, glomeruli-no regenerative abilities
tubular- azotemia, regenerative abilities if basement membrane preserved, reabsorption of urea inversely proportional to tubular flow rate, dehydration (increase BUN reabsorption)
What is something you shouldn't be worried about if it is in urinalysis results for a dog?
What can affect the protein in urine results(causing possible false positives)?
Electrolytes and how affected by acute renal failure?
bilirubin (they have a low threshold for it)
an alkaline pH
K way up (lower GFR and lower perfusion- pull in Na and kick out K)