Theories of medical Ethics
What are the theories of medical ethics?
Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue Theory
Rules we learned from our parents, family, and teachers
Personal mortality
Reports any pharmacist, intern or extern who is impaired or has endangered the public health and welfare is known as a
Professional obligation
What are the principles of medical ethics
Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmalefience, Justice
Patients have the ___ to make decision based on their ____, _____, _____, ____. Even if you think they are making a bad decision. However, healthcare professional have am obligation to explain why they think the patient is making a bad decision
RIGHT; Values, preferences, lifestyle, and beliefs
What is the ends do in fact justify the means. The morally correct action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Consequentialism
Individual preferences for things situations, types of people
Personal Values
Only pharmacist (or intern under direct supervision) provide consultation and counseling with patients or other providers, accepts initial phone prescription orders or provides information about prescriptions or prescription drugs is known as a
Professional Obiligation
Pharmacist promotes the right of self - determination and recognizes individual self worth by encouraging patients to participate in decisions about their health... in all cases a pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences among patients
Autonomy
To promote a patients well being you need to know ___, ___, ____, _____ And what principle of medical ethics does this correlate to?
Their goals, values, lifestyle, preferences, and beliefs. What is Beneficence
What is obligations = duty to follow a rule. Emphasizes moral and duties regardless of outcome
Deontology
This principle described when confronted with a dilemma choose the option that will produce the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people, giving equal weight to everyone affected.
What medical theory does it fall under
Principle of utility; consequentialism
Pharmacist (or intern under direct supervision) shall not personally offer to discuss with patients / caregivers matters which optimize drug therapy unless the patient is hospitalized or doesn't want it is known as a
Professional Obligation
Pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confident manner. A pharmacist places concern for the well being of the patient at the center of professional practice
Beneficence
Examples of kinds of Harm
What is physical, emotional, economic, social/familial
Considering the patient - pharmacist relationship as a covenant means that a pharmacist has moral obligations in response to the gift of trust received from society
Deontology
What are ethical theories and principles, APhA code of ethics, and state and federal laws
Professional Obligations
Harms are relative to _________
The potential benefits of an intervention
Do no harm
Remember Harms are relative to the potential benefits of an intervention
Nonmaleficence
Society's benefits / burdens out to be shared equitably
Those with the greatest need get the greatest share of resources
Similar situations ought to be treated alike
These are all _____
Theories of Justice
Character traits that when taken to the extreme become vices.
List the primary list of them
Virtues. They are Honesty, Integrity, Compassion, Empathy, Professional Responsibility, and Trustworthiness
This therory is concerned with what it means to be a "good" person. So when trying to decide what to do in a particular situation you out to consider what a "good" pharmacist would do
Virtue theory
Is it considered unprofessional conduct for any pharmacist to refuse to fill any prescription based on his/hers professional judgement or ethical or moral beliefs
When health resources are allocated a pharmacist is fair and equitable, balancing the needs of patients and society
A pharmacist avoids discriminatory practices, behavior or work conditions that impair professional judgement
Justice
Apply the ethical decision making process to ethical dilemmas
step 1: consider ethical theories
Consequentialism: What are the consequences for each of the options?, Which of these consequences will bring about the most amount of good? choose the option that produces the greatest good for the greatest number
Deontology: What obligations do I have in this particular situation? Do I have any competing obligations? Follow ethical rules and professional virtues
Virtue Theory: What does it mean to be a good pharmacist in this situation? Focus on moral character and professional virtues
Step 2: Apple the four ethical principles
Autonomy: What option is preferred by the patient?
Nonmaleficence: What option would cause the least harm?
Beneficence: How can I promote the patient’s interests/goals?
Justice: Is the patient being treated fairly?