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Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
Pulmonary Testing
Cardiovascular Anatomy
Assessment of Cardiovascular System
Equations
100

What is the name of the major muscle that aids in ventilation?

Diaphragm

100

What is the criteria for mild hypoxemia?

PaO2 60-79mmHg and O2 sat 90-94%

100
What type of hypertrophy is characterized by thickening of heart muscle?

Concentric

100

What enzyme would you check for to rule out cardiac-related chest pain?

Troponin

100

What is the equation for PVR? What are the units?

(80*(MPAP-LAP))/C.O.

dynes/sec/cm^-5

200

What is the transfer of respiratory gas from alveoli to RBC called?

Diffusion

200

What is a normal PaCO2 and what affect would an increased level have on pH?

35-45mmHg and decreased pH

200

What is a normal tricuspid valve size?

4-6cm^2

200

How would you classify a blood pressure of 119/80?

Stage one hypertension

200
What is the equation for ejection fraction and what is a normal range? 

SV/LVEDV

55-75%

300

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?

Aortic arch and carotid body. Changes in PaO2

300

What is the PaO2/FiO2 ratio criteria for ALI?

<300

300
A patient has a third artery branching off the LMCA, what is this extra artery called?

Ramus

300
Mitral valve regurgitation would produce what kind of murmur?

Systolic

300

What is the equation for O2 consumption and what are the units?

C.O x 10 x Hgb x 1.36 x (SaO2-SvO2)

ml O2/min

400

An increase in pH will cause what type of shift on the PO2 vs hgb sat curve? What does this do to oxygen affinity?

Leftward shift, increased affinity

400

What type of lung disease is characterized by a normal or elevated FEV1/FVC ratio, but a reduced FVC?

Restrictive 

400

The closure of the aortic valve will result in what on an aortic pressure curve?

Dicrotic notch

400

A patient comes in with visible jugular veins, what could this reflect?

RV function/R sided filling pressures

400

What is the equation for indexed O2 delivery and what are the units?

C.I. x CaO2 x 10

ml O2/min/m2

500

What reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs?

Hering Breuer reflex

500

Where would you see high A-->a gradients?

Shunts, V/Q mismatch, increased O2 extraction

500

A patient has a cardiac catheterization and they are shown to have a complete occlusion of the dRCA. There are collaterals, but blood flow to the past the occlusion in the IVS is preserved. How is this possible?

PDA codominance

500

A patient has a cardiac catheterization and a 100% occlusion in the LAD was shown. This patient did not have an acute cardiac event and blood flow distal to the blockage is reserved. How is this possible?

Stable plaque over a long period of time and collateral vessels

500

What is the equation for O2 content and what are the units?

1.36 x Hgb x SaO2 + (0.0031 x PaO2)

Vol % or mL O2/100mL blood