HIV
True or false: HIV impacts the subcortical regions
True
Difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor neurons?
Pyramidal- guide purposeful and voluntary movement
Extrapyramidal- modulate movement and maintain muscle tone and posture
At what age is symptom onset?
30-40 years old
What is the prevalence rate of MS?
40-65% across 5 decades of study
In children, are boys or girls more likely to be diagnosed?
Boys
Adherence to _____ medication is the best for reducing risk of cognitive impairment with HIV
HAART
What are lewy bodies?
Abnormal circular structures found within cytoplasm
In Huntington’s disease, do uncontrollable jerks/gestures occur earlier or later?
Earlier around initial onset
What are the possible precipitating factors of MS?
1) Infection, 2) physical injury, 3) emotional stress, 4) excessive fatigue, 5) pregnancy, 6) poor state of health
Which neuropsych test has the best predictive power for ADHD?
Continuous Performance Test
Has HIV-dementia and mild neurocognitive disorders related to HIV infection declined or increased over the past few decades?
Declined due to effectiveness of HAART
Can individuals with Parkinson’s disease also develop Alzheimer’s disease?
Yes
Do all individuals with Huntington’s develop dementia?
Yes
What are some examples of differential diagnoses to rule out with MS?
Viral infections, B12 deficiency, lyme disease, stroke, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
The cognitive-energetic model asserts that ADHD deficits are secondary to impaired _____
arousal and activation (ARAS)
Subcortical impairment in HIV causes the following neuropsychological deficits:
Learning/memory, motor speed and control, word finding, slowed processing speed, verbal fluency, attention
In genetically-linked parkinson’s, gene on chromosome 4 produces protein called ________
α-synuclein
Huntington’s disease is ____________, meaning 50/50 chance of acquiring it from a parent
autosomal dominant
What are common neuropsych deficits with MS?
Processing speed, learning & memory, motor functioning, reasoning
The __________ pathway is the most involved in ADHD
frontal-striatal
The cause of cognitive dysfunction in HIV is largely attributed to dysregulation of _______ circuits
fronto-striatal-thalamo-cortical
In Parkinson’s disease with dementia, verbal fluency is typically impaired, but other abilities are generally intact until severe PDD. With severe PDD, ________ deficits can occur
What do cortical vs subcortical dementias affect?
Cortical dementias affect instrumental functions such as language, reasoning/problem solving, learning, and praxis
Subcortical dementias affect fundamental functions necessary for survival such as attention, arousal, processing speed, motivation, and emotionality
The neuroanatomical structures impacted by MS include:
1) Optic nerves, 2) periventricular region, 3) corpus callosum, 4) white matter of the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
In mathematics disabilities, deficits in ____, _____, _____, and ______ are commonly found
Visuospatial constructional skills, motor skills, nonverbal reasoning, attention