Definitions
The entire set of objects of outcomes about which information is desired.
When researchers observe and record information without influencing or controlling any of the variables.
Observational Study
Numerical summaries of the population.
Population Parameter
When researchers actively intervene by manipulating one or more variables to determine cause- and effect relationships.
Experimental Study
A subset of the population consists of the observed objects or outcomes.
Sample
Type of data where the categories do not have an inherent order or ranking.
Categorical: Nominal
Numerical summaries of a sample.
Sample Statistic
Type of data where the categories do have a meaningful order or ranking.
Categorical:Ordinal
Type of data that takes on specific, countable values.
Numerical: Discrete
Type of data that can take any values within a given interval and are measured rather than counted.
A graphic that shows the shape of numerical data by highlighting the areas where data cluster or spread out.
Histogram
Data points in a sample that are significantly lower or higher than most other values.
Outliers
The phenomenon that occurs when two samples drawn from the population can be different.
Sampling Variation or Sampling Error
A graphic that displays the relationship between a numerical and categorical variable.
Comparative (Side-by-Side) Boxplot
When two events have no outcomes in common, we say the two events are __________
Mutually Exclusive
An experiment whose outcomes cannot be predicted with certainty
Two events are ___________ if and only if the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the other
Independent
A set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment
The proportion of times an event would occur in the long run if the experiment were to be repeated over and over and over again.
Probability of an Event
A graphic showing the shape of the distribution, median, quartiles, and potential outliers for numerical data.
Box plot
Another term to describe the measures of location such as mean, median, mode, etc
Central Tendency
A way to assign probability by using the sample space and assuming equally likely outcomes based on reasoning
Classical or Theoretical Probability
A statistic that is not significantly affected by the addition or removal of outliers.
Robust or Resistant
A way to assign probability by repeating an experiment a large number of times and observing what happens.
Empirical Probability
Another term to describe the measures of spread, such as range, standard deviation, variance, etc.
Variability