What's that enzyme???
This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate.
What is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase?
Don't forget: this is the step that reduces co-enzyme NAD+ to NADH and H+. This will be important for another pathway later down the line. But don't worry too much about it now.
Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to make THIS substrate.
What is glucose 6-phosphate?
This hormone is crucial for driving glucose down the glycolysis pathway.
What is insulin?
Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to this intermediate substrate.
What is oxaloacetate?
This enzyme regulates the dephosphorylation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate.
What is fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase?
This enzyme catalyzes the reaction that converts glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
What is phosphohexose isomerase?
Think back to the last unit on enzyme classes! Isomerases will cause an isomerazation to occur. Fructose Is an isomer of glucose, just with a different positioning of the carbonyl carbon (from C1 to C2). Look up a picture if it helps.
Aldolase cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into these TWO products (6C --> 2 3C molecules)
What are dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
I'm struggling to pull up a picture here, but google the difference between these two in structure. Finding a good picture can help you distinguish them and remember this step and the one that proceeds it.
The increase of this macromolecule will generally drive the increase in concentration of regulatory enzymes for glycolysis.
What are carbohydrates?
Something that will help carry you through this quarter and beyond: substrates usually drive reaction pathways. Products will suppress them, in one way or another. The body doesn't waste energy making something it doesn't need!
The next step of GNG converts oxaloacetate to this intermediate so that it may leave the mitochondrion and return to the cytosol.
What is malate?
This is the hormone primarily responsible for regulating gluconeogenesis.
What is glucagon?
This enzyme catalyzes the reaction of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
What is phosphofructokinase-1?
Phosphoglycerate mutase converts 3-Phosphoglycerate to this product.
What is 2-phosphoglycerate?
The first regulatory, irreversible step in glycolysis utilizes this enzyme.
What is hexokinase?
PEP-carboxykinase acts on oxaloacetate in the cytosol to convert it to this gluconeogenesis substrate.
What is Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)?
Glucagon increases the genetic transcription of this enzyme specific to the formation of PEP.
What is PEP-carboxykinase?
This enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of DHAP to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate.
What is triose phosphate isomerase?
This enzyme is important because F-1,6-BP yields both DHAP and G3P. The DHAP needs to be converted to G3P for the reaction to proceed.
Enolase cleaves converts 2-phosphoglycerate to this product.
What is phosphoenolpyruvate?
This is the only time we'll see a C=C bond in this particular pathway.
The second regulatory, irreversible step utilizes this enzyme.
What is PFK-1?
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase removes a phosphate group from F1,6-BP and yields this substrate.
What is Fructose 6-phosphate?
Glucagon inhibits production of this substrate which is usually responsible for increasing PFK-1 activity. This effectively upregulates gluconeogenesis.
What is fructose 2,6-bisphosphate?
This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolypruvate to pyruvate.
What is pyruvate kinase?
This enzyme dephosphorylates 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to form 3-Phosphoglycerate.
Phosphoglycerate kinase
The presence of this substrate will increase PFK-1 activity and thus drive glycolysis.
What is fructose-2,6-bisphosphate?
Review the slide! It's very beneficial to understanding the regulation of this step. Also, there is a third regulatory step in glycolysis. Know what it is?
The last step of gluconeogenesis yields glucose via glucose 6-phosphatase. This is its precursor substrate.
What is glucose 6-phosphatase?
During fasting, adipose tissue is catabolized into this compound that activates pyruvate decarboxylase.
What is acetyl CoA?